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The advent of web-based communities and social networking sites has resulted in a massive amount of social networking data that is embedded with rich sets of meaningful social media knowledge. Social network analysis and the study of social structures using networks and graph theory help to find a systematic method or process for studying social networks. The article reveals the concept of intellectual analysis of social networks. The key aspect of the article is the application of the results of social network analysis to various branches of human activity.
Describes the benefits of using Social Mining to identify patterns in big data. Using Social Mining mechanisms, you can find non-trivial and, at first glance, non-obvious patterns in large volumes of information. The article provides examples of software that can be used to quickly collect and analyze data from social networks. Analytics services simplify work and increase opportunities on social networks. Social network analysis provides an effective system for discovering and interpreting online social connections.
Social network analytics goes beyond counting likes, reposts and links. This is a comprehensive indepth data analysis that helps to understand what attracts more attention or guide users when accessing the brand through social networks.

Water is the most important resource for human life and all living organisms. Water automation is the management and tracking of water use and control of water in different places. This automated water supply management system for urban areas can be used to uniformly distribute water for their daily consumption and monitor water storage tanks to reduce water losses by estimating water consumption and water level. All these operating steps are linked by a programmable interface controller (PIC) with delay communication via the GSM module and facilitate process control. When designing a water supply system for any facility, it is first necessary to determine how much water and what quality must be supplied to this facility. To solve this problem, it is necessary to take into account as fully as possible all possible water consumers and establish their requirements for the quantity and quality of supplied water.
The article explores the issues of automation and control of the water supply system in a residential complex. Modern technologies and approaches to automating the processes of control and distribution of water in residential buildings and complexes are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of smart systems to monitor and manage water consumption, ensuring optimal consumption, reducing losses and improving efficiency. Automation of water supply not only helps save resources, but also increases convenience and safety for residents. The article also discusses examples of successful implementation of automated systems in various residential complexes and prospects for their development in the future.

This research investigates the Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) protection model, focusing on flooding attacks, where attackers overwhelm a server with excessive requests to degrade its processing capabilities. Unlike traditional approaches that merely aim to mitigate the impact of DDoS attacks, our study emphasizes developing robust protection models to safeguard against such threats. We introduce a novel protection strategy that incorporates rate-limiting algorithms to control the influx of requests, ensuring that only legitimate traffic reaches the server. Further, we explore packet filtering based on valid Time-to-Live (TTL) values, coupled with innovative packet scheduling techniques: including First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) and Priority Queue methodologies to enhance server responsiveness and efficiency. Through simulations our findings reveal significant improvements in server performance under DDoS attack conditions, evidenced by reduced packet drop rates and improved response times. The successful implementation of these protection models demonstrates their potential in securing networks against the disruptive effects of DDoS attacks, offering a promising direction for future research in cybersecurity.

The article reveals that creating mobile applications separately for Android and iOS is becoming a complex and costly process. There is a need for a common solution that will simplify the process of development, support, testing and deployment on various platforms. This solution should standardize the process of creating mobile applications.
React Native, created by Facebook, represents a significant milestone in the development of crossplatform mobile application development. Thanks to an active and powerful community, React Native has become the most popular tool for creating cross-platform applications. However, Google decided to develop its own solution, Flutter, after carefully analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of React Native. Flutter is focused on optimizing for mobile devices and strives to provide developers with a complete and definitive solution for creating cross-platform applications.
This article analyzes the key characteristics of React Native and Flutter, researching and comparing these characteristics in order to identify the reasons for their differences. The authors of the article hope that the results of the study will help improve cross-platform development and ensure further progress in this area.

Statements of decision-making problems for the control of fuzzy technological objects are formalized and obtained, and methods for solving them are proposed. The object of study is the heating stations of the «hot» main oil pipeline. Since such objects are often characterized by multicriteria and often operate in conditions of unclear initial information, the tasks are formalized in the form of multicriteria decisionmaking problems in a fuzzy environment. Based on the modification of various optimality principles, new mathematical formulations of the problems to be solved were obtained and interactive heuristic algorithms for solving them were developed. The novelty of the proposed approaches to solving formalized fuzzy problems from well-known methods for solving fuzzy problems lies in the fact that problems are posed and solved without first converting them to equivalent deterministic options, which does not reduce the loss of original fuzzy information and makes it possible to obtain more adequate and effective solutions. An example is given of the practical application of the proposed approach to solving decision-making problems by implementing one of the developed algorithms when solving the problem of choosing an effective operating mode for the oil heating station of the Uzen-Samara oil pipeline at the Atyrau point.

The article examines the problem of the spread of malicious advertising programs through web pages that pose a serious threat to the privacy and security of Internet users. Using machine learning algorithms to detect and neutralize malicious advertising programs embedded in Web pages. By focusing on data processing, tag extraction, and classification techniques, machine learning analyzes in detail how it can improve malware detection processes. Various machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression, decision trees, random forest, naive Bayesian and ensemble methods, are being studied to determine their effectiveness in distinguishing malicious and legitimate advertising content.
A methodology for building training and test models, including data on malicious and secure advertising modules, is described. Various approaches to machine learning, including teacher-led learning, unsupervised learning, and deep learning techniques, are being analyzed to identify hidden patterns of harmful behavior. The results of the study show that the use of machine learning algorithms makes it possible to detect malicious advertising programs with high accuracy, which can become the basis for the development of more effective cybersecurity tools. Potential problems and limitations of existing methods are also discussed, as well as directions for further research on detecting malicious advertising programs using machine learning.

The study and assembly of a control system for a multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle is considered. The UAV has been fully informed and its significance has been determined to date. A quadcopter was taken as the control object. UAVs have been studied, their type is different and a mathematical model of the control object, the principle of operation and movement of the quadcopter has been compiled. Depending on the design and shape of the UAV, the principle of operation, multirotor, fixed-wing, single-rotor unmanned helicopters, hybrid types were distinguished. The multirotor type of UAV was considered, including the design and details of the quadcopter, explanations were given depending on their type and design. The analysis of the principle of operation is carried out.
The control of the quadcopter is mainly divided into two parts: the ground operator and the on-board system. The ground operator transmits information to the quadrocopters using the high-altitude directional transmitter he needs, that is, the control panel. Most of them have 4 channels and operate at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. In some transmitters, the number of these channels can reach 7 or 10. The receiver in the on-board system received the information and transmitted it to the NC. NC calculates the force, voltage, and speed applied to each motor to turn in the direction desired by the operator. And the electronic speed controller is used to adjust the speed required by the engines. By changing the speed of each engine, we change its direction. The effect of screws on the types of changes in the direction of flight of a quadcopter, i.e., a change in the direction of the device under the influence of the thrust force acting on each screw, has been established.  The movement of the device has 6 directions: roll, yaw, pitch, down-up, forward-backward, right – left. 

The paper presents a review of stirring device designs used in biogas plants. The efficiency of a biogas plant depends on many factors, one of which is the agitation of the substrate to increase the efficiency of the biogas plant and provides: release of the biogas produced; agitation of fresh biomass and bacteria in the metatank; preventing the formation or destruction of crusts on the surface and minimizing sludge; providing uniform temperature throughout the bioreactor; and providing uniform distribution of the bacterial population. A well-mixed feedstock can yield up to 50% more biogas. Agitators operate in difficult conditions of aggressive and fire-hazardous environment, contributing to high corrosion of its elements. The design of agitators should not promote sparks or elevated temperatures to avoid explosive situations.
Advantages and disadvantages of different types of agitators are discussed, as well as the problems encountered in their operation. Special attention is paid to the promising directions of development of agitators for biogas plants.
The design of agitator with float device, which allows mixing biomass throughout the entire volume of the bioreactor module, is proposed. The advantage of this design is the absence of an electric motor and electric cables (which of course increases fire safety), and the mechanical agitator is driven directly by a pneumatic motor operating from compressed air, while the compressor is located outside the bioreactor, and only compressed air supply hoses lead to the reactor.

Drying plays a crucial role in the production of kurt, a traditional fermented milk product. It extends shelf life, improves structure and taste. There are various drying methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Solar and shade drying are economical, but depend on weather conditions and are slow. Infrared drying is fast and effective, but requires expensive equipment. Vacuum drying provides the best quality, but is also the most expensive. Convective drying is fast and effective, but can result in nutrient loss.
The selection of a suitable drying method depends on the scale of production, availability of resources, required product quality and cost. For small and medium-sized industries, convective or infrared drying may be the best options.
Regardless of the method chosen, it is important to consider the energy efficiency, ease of operation and reliability of the drying equipment. The correct choice of drying equipment guarantees high quality and long shelf life of kurt.
This article emphasizes the need to develop specialized equipment for drying kurts, taking into account their unique characteristics and the specifics of production. In the context of the lack of suitable equipment on the market, scientists have adapted existing solutions for this purpose. However, the convective drying device presented in the work is a significant innovation that has a number of advantages that can solve the problem of seasonality in the production of kurts in Kazakhstan.

This work is devoted to the study and refinement of the parametric model of the formation of surface roughness. The refinement of the available parametric model was carried out by conducting experimental studies in order to determine the optimal parameters affecting the process of roughness formation. As part of the experiment, various factors such as processing speed, tool type, initial material characteristics and others are considered in order to identify their influence on the final surface characteristics. The article describes a mathematical model with eight parameters 𝑎𝑖(𝑖=1,2,3,4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑖(𝑖=1,2,3,4), which depend on the processing conditions. An important role in the formation of surface roughness is played by the type of material of the cutting part of the tool, the cutting speed. The data that was obtained was used to assign initial parameter values for conducting a logistic analysis of Ra-V over the entire range of cutting speeds.
The results of the study can be applied to optimize the processing of materials and improve the quality of the products obtained. The data provides important information for the development of more accurate and efficient models of surface roughness formation in industrial and engineering applications. The results obtained not only confirm the assumptions of the model, but also reveal additional nuances that may play a role.

The article says that when friction occurs, complex processes occur in the submicroscopic and in the macro, micro volume of the rubbing surfaces. The formation of physical relief and surface connections depends on the macro, micro and submicroscopic parameters of the conjugated bodies. These indicators determine the actual contact area, the intensity and property of elastic-plastic shear, adsorption, diffusion, heat generation and other conditions at the contact site. When designing friction unit parts in various branches of mechanical engineering, instrumentation, and it is also important to know the effect of friction of materials of different strengths on the actual contact area on the pattern of formation of the external friction force. Based on research by scientists on the role of large-scale impact in the process of external friction, it is proved that wear resistance depends on the scale factor. In the manufacture of friction units of machine parts, the influence of the scale factor on the force was taken into account (coefficient) of external friction and the amount of wear. This is due to the optimized anti-friction and wear-resistant properties of materials and sizes of nodes in motion. Therefore, it was found that it is better to carry out calculations of a constructive nature, which allows you to increase the strength and reduce the weight of the structure.

The article presents the results of a research of the influence of extraction agents with different ethanol concentrations (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 96%) on the yield of extractives and found that the highest yield of extractives have been obtained when using 40% ethyl alcohol as an extraction agent. Therefore, this concentration has been chosen as the main extractive agent for further experiments. Ethanol, in particular, is a widely used extractive agent for plant materials due to its ability to extract a wide range of compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and organic acids. In recent years, ultrasonicassisted extraction has gained attention due to its ability to improve extraction efficiency, reduce extraction time, and minimize the use of solvents, making it an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method. The optimal parameters of ultrasonic-assisted extraction have been established for obtaining an alcoholic extract from hips of Rosa canina (RosaCanina L.) – the highest yield of extractives was obtained with extraction duration of 30 minutes, extraction temperature was 500С, ultrasound power was 35 kHz. It is possible to obtain the maximum amount of biologically active compounds from raw materials by optimizing these parameters, which leads to a higher quality of the final product.

This article presents the results of a study on the immobilization of cells of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei-010-K on natural adsorbents.
Methods of cell immobilization can increase their stability, reduce the lethal effect of microorganisms on cells during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract, improve visceral parameters and clinical outcomes compared with free cells. The local mineral vermiculite was used to immobilize lactic acid bacteria. The sample is characterized by a high content of macro and microelements compared to samples of vermiculites from other deposits in the country and it has high adsorption activity (20-50% by volume). To immobilize the cells of the strains, the mineral adsorbent vermiculite was added in amounts of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 (%) to daily cultures of lactic acid bacteria with titers of 1*10⁷ CFU/ml in the MRS (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar) nutrient medium. The adsorption-immobilization process was carried out at 37°C with stirring for 24 hours. Liquid preparations containing lactobacillus cells and adsorbent were stored at a temperature of 4-6°C for 30, 60 and 90 days to assess the stabilizing effect of the adsorbent and determine its optimal amount. In the course of studies on the immobilization of microorganisms on enterosorbents, it was found that vermiculite does not adversely affect the bioactivity and viability of lactic acid bacteria cells. Moreover, when vermiculite was introduced into the MRS medium at a concentration of 0.5%, the titer of lactic acid bacteria increased to 1*10⁹ CFU/ml. The resulting preparations containing cultures of lactic acid bacteria are further used to introduce them into the composition of feed additives for poultry farming.

Meeting the growing global demand for protein leads to supply-side problems. The expansion of the use of animal proteins through the wider use of meat offal could be part of the solution, subject to consumer approval. In this study, the prospects of using offal from beef carcass such as kidneys, heart, tongue, tripe, as well as local vegetable raw materials container powder in the production of chopped semi-finished products (cutlets) were studied. In addition, increasing the assortment of meat products will allow enterprises to be more flexible and adaptive to changing market conditions. New products can attract the attention of consumers and become a key competitive advantage of processing enterprises. The expansion of the product line also helps to increase revenues and improve the financial situation of the company by increasing sales volumes.
The aim of the study is the rational use of secondary meat raw materials for the production of new products of therapeutic and preventive nutrition with increased biological value. In this article, sensory and organoleptic parameters, physico-chemical parameters (protein, fats, carbohydrates, moisture, ash,), vitamin composition, as well as textural profile analysis of new chopped semi-finished products from offal with the addition of local vegetable powder containers were studied.

During this study, a HACCP plan was developed for all risks associated with the slaughter and primary processing of cattle at the SHAMSHYRAK agricultural co-operative. All types of hazards that may arise at each stage of production are considered, a risk analysis, critical control points (CCPs) and a list of corrective actions using the example of slaughter are provided. Research of the production process, including a thorough study of the production scheme and regulatory and technical documentation, is the basis for risk analysis, which excludes all operations performed outside of production. In the study, the HACCP system was used only at the stages of cattle slaughter, from the supply of live animals to the shipment of the final product (meat). Seven critical risk control points were identified and addressed. In addition, the permissible critical limits for additives and non-meat ingredients have been considered and appropriate corrective actions have been taken.
The HACCP system is an effective management tool used to promote an enterprise in the food market and protect production processes from biological (microbiological), chemical, physical risks and other contaminants. For inspection processes, the HACCP plan must be reviewed regularly to ensure that identified hazard points and critical limits are correctly captured. To ensure the production of safe, defect-free food products, maintaining the supply chain through the involvement of certified suppliers, as well as developed procedures for verifying the HACCP plan, has become of great importance.

The most important task of the food industry is to provide the population with high-quality food products that meet all the physiological needs of a person, contributing to health, longevity and working capacity. Currently, color is considered one of the main indicators of food quality. The article contains a review of domestic and foreign literature, which contains information on modern methods of obtaining natural phenolic coloring pigments from plants and its waste products in the food industry. It is noted that natural dyes obtained from plants can give food products not only color, but also enrich them with biologically active substances, increase their nutritional value, prolong the suitability of products. It is noted that the production of natural phenolic dyes requires a special approach, improvement of technologies and production processes. A large and important group of food dyes are dyes that consist of natural phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds accumulate in all plants. Among them, flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols and flavones, chalcones and aurones), as well as naphthoquinone and anthraquinone derivatives, have coloring properties. Natural phenolic compounds have antiseptic, antioxidant, cardiotonic, cardiotropic, antispasmodic, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, hemostatic properties. These properties lead to the widespread use of phenolic compounds in medicine and biology, as well as in the food industry. Research in the field of natural dyes and their safety is of significant public and economic importance, aimed at creating safe, natural and high-quality products in response to modern market requirements.

Processing of low-value by-products in combination with biotechnological processing methods is the optimal solution to the problem of rational use of secondary raw materials of poultry products. This paper presents the results of a study of a pate containing a protein-mineral supplement (BMD) from chicken legs and heads. Various types of mechanical, acidic and thermal treatment of chicken heads and legs are considered. The chemical composition of chicken heads and legs has been studied without treatment and after treatment with organic acids and enzymes. The treatment of chicken heads and legs with various organic acids and pepsin leads to a significant increase in the proportion of moisture and a decrease in protein content. A significant difference in protein content is explained by the effect of reagents on the weakening and breaking of bonds between protein substances, protein-fat formations, thereby washing out part of the protein components. Treatment with ascorbic acid results in the least loss of protein content. The processing of minced chicken heads and legs with various reagents significantly affects the change in the PNS in the direction of its decrease. The values of the PNS of minced chicken legs are much higher than the values of the PNS of minced chicken heads. This difference is primarily due to the composition and structure of chicken legs. Cartilage and connective tissues predominate in chicken legs, which gives elasticity, rigidity and elasticity. After treatment with various reagents, the PNS is significantly reduced. The most optimal technology for obtaining a protein mineral supplement from chicken heads and legs is substantiated. Studies have been conducted aimed at studying the chemical composition, functional and technological properties and structural and mechanical characteristics of the protein-mineral mass. As a result of the research, technologies for cooking chicken pate using a protein-mineral supplement have been developed. The nutritional value and food safety indicators of the resulting pate have been studied.

The development of industrial biotechnology is based on the use of resources from objects such as microbial cultures. Collections of microorganism cultures contain strains that are used in research and applied development. Expanding the resources of industrial microorganisms, optimizing methods for their storage and improving bioproducing properties is an urgent task for the collection of microorganisms. In this work, we studied the maximum viability rate and morpho-cultural characteristics of collection cultures stored for more than 10 years using the freeze-drying method. This was done to evaluate the effectiveness of this storage method and the protective environments used. The object of the study were 32 strains of various taxonomic groups of bacteria, fungi, yeasts and actinomycetes. In sum, we obtained the following results: 2 cultures did not grow after reactivation, 30 cultures corresponded to their passport characteristics and had a viability rate within the acceptable limits for industrial crops, more than 10⁶ CFU/ml: 10⁸-10¹⁰ CFU/ml. The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of storage by lyophilization and the protective media used on gelatin, sucrose and skim milk. Objects of research can be used in various spheres of human life.

Nutrition is one of the fundamental factors of human health. Today the use of biologically active food additives, enrichment of products with nutraceuticals, consumption of target foods is justified due to the increasing effect of stress along with unbalanced diet and lifestyle. The main resource of nutrients is plant foods and substances derived from them. The use of additional plant components in the manufacture of food products contributes to increasing its biological and nutritional value. Non-traditional plant species have a high potential along with traditional crops. A lot of research is aimed at identifying the positive effects of bioactive substances of plants on the body and the possibility of using them to expand the range of useful food products. We investigated the prebiotic properties of the underground part of plants from the Brassicaceae family. In the course of the study we applied traditional microbiological methods of research. As the results of the experiments showed, the plant extracts promoted the growth of lactobacilli, and the prebiotic activity was not inferior to the common preparations - lactulose. The obtained data will be used for further research for the development of technology for obtaining products with a positive effect on the normoflora of the intestine and implying the inclusion of prebiotic substances in the formulation.

Beer is a popular low-alcohol drink with a pronounced hop aroma and some bitterness. In beer you can find a large number of various nutrients and biologically active substances, including trace elements and vitamins.
Based on color, beer is divided into light and dark, and depending on the type of yeast used, into lowand top-fermented beer.
However, this drink, depending on the type of beer containing from 2,5 to 11% ethyl alcohol, cannot be recommended to such segments of the population as drivers, pregnant women, athletes, patients with acute and chronic diseases, etc. Non-alcoholic beer is suitable for these groups, the demand for which has increased significantly recently.
To obtain non-alcoholic beer, the permissible concentration of ethanol in which does not exceed 0,5%, physicochemical, technological and biochemical methods are used.
This article examines yeast strains for the production of non-alcoholic beer. It was found that the physicochemical parameters of non-alcoholic beer fermented with a low-fermentable yeast strain A12 are quite comparable with non-alcoholic beer of domestic samples. In terms of organoleptic properties, the experimental beer has a rich taste. Also, with the help of this yeast strain, the fermentation process is simplified to a value of alcohol concentration within 0,5 vol.%.

The article presents the results of research conducted to enrich the finished product with antioxidant properties using extracts of sea buckthorn, ginger, rosemary and hemp protein in the production of cookedsmoked sausage.
The article presents the results of the study of physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of cooked-smoked sausage products. One of the important indicators in determining the quality of raw materials and selecting them as raw materials for further processing are their physico-chemical properties and organoleptic characteristics. Research results were obtained to determine the physico-chemical parameters and organoleptic quality indicators of cooked-smoked sausage in laboratory conditions.
Studies were conducted on the safety parameters of extract and hemp protein to obtain cookedsmoked sausage of guaranteed quality. Also studies on vitamin composition, microbiological parameters and amino acid composition of the finished product were carried out. By the amount of vitamins, the content of thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine in the finished product was determined.
The results of the study allow us to consider the possibility of using extracts and hemp protein in the production of cooked-smoked sausage and expanding the range of sausage products.
The shelf life of cooked-smoked sausage products reached 35 days, during the storage period the microbiological index of the products was determined and the dynamics of microflora growth during storage was investigated.

Nowadays, simplifying manual labour in catering, saving time and using body-friendly containers and packaging in catering is a thought-provoking issue. Therefore, this work provides for the creation of environmentally friendly, economical, innovative disposable and waste-free containers in public catering facilities.
The disposable tableware in question can serve as a replacement for functional tableware made of edible material, as well as used in the field of public catering, made of traditional glass, ceramics or plastic.
In this work an edible containers of cereal powder were obtained. Two samples of wheat and rice flour and a mixture of maize and rice flour were prepared from the cereals, and their nutritional value and utilization efficiency were compared.
From the cereal flours, a steep dough was prepared and baked in a "cup" shape. The stability of the container during storage with hot ready-to-eat food was observed over time.
Water absorption capacity of the studied samples was at the level of 228-250%, energy value – 395.6-397.2 kcal per 100 g of product.
Disposable edible tableware is an efficient tableware that saves time when serving food, facilitates manual labour (dishwashing), is environmentally friendly and reduces costs in the thermal process of cooking.

In recent years, emphasis has been placed on the improvement of production technology and the use of natural food additives that improve the taste, aroma and nutritional value of food. The article prepared and studied the extract of wild rose hips and ginger, basil extract in the form of a mixture. The technological characteristics of the dry extract are given, the possibility of using it as a raw material, which is of practical importance for accelerating extraction processes in the production of food products; first, because extraction processes take a long time; secondly, the stability and organoleptic characteristics of the finished products significantly depend on the quality of the extracts. This indicator determines the need for research on the extraction, development and improvement of extracts from plant materials, aimed at regulating their properties. The adaptation phase of the CO₂ extraction method has developed in the food industry over the last 20 years. In production, product manufacturers and consumers are convinced of the effective use of dry spices and CO₂ extracts.
In this regard, a mixture of sea buckthorn extracts and extracts of ginger and basil was prepared and studied in the laboratory. It is concluded that the extracts obtained have an antioxidant effect and can be used in the production of food products, including sausages, and the use of sea buckthorn extract and sea buckthorn oil in sausage production has improved the functional and technological properties of the product. According to the results of the study, extracts obtained from plant materials are promising for the production of products with an antioxidant effect.

This article presents the results of qualitative indicators of cedar oils obtained in two different ways from seeds of Siberian pine nuts growing in the eastern region of the country.
Cedar oil is a real natural storehouse of nutrients. It includes proteins, carbohydrates, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, phosphatides, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 (PP), E, D, lecithin, essential oils and minerals.
Prior to this, studies were conducted on seeds and cake of pine nuts. In the East Kazakhstan region there is a forest covering a large area where Siberian pine nuts grow. However, despite the fact that local pine nuts are natural reserves, the nutritional value of cedar products has not yet been fully studied. To this end, studies were conducted on the yield, organoleptic parameters and fatty acid composition of cedar oil obtained by two different methods.
As a result of the study, the yield of cedar oil obtained by thermal extraction was higher than the yield of cedar oil obtained by cold pressing. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in cedar oil obtained by cold pressing showed high rates. The results of the presented study showed that cedar oil obtained from the seeds of Siberian pine nuts growing in our country is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids necessary for the human body.

Fruit snacks have begun to appear on the food market of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, which are quickly gaining popularity among almost all age categories of consumers, especially the younger generation, both in terms of their high biological value and the ability to replace products that are not recommended by nutritionists for frequent consumption, for example potato chips. In non-CIS countries, apple chips are the most popular, and our closest neighbors – russian and belarusian manufacturers began to actively occupy this niche, supplying apple chips to the Kazakh market. This poses an urgent task for domestic scientists to establish their own production, since the raw material base of the southern regions can provide various varieties of apples on an industrial scale. Apple chips differ from traditional dried fruits in their organoleptic characteristics – the taste is richer, the shape of the plates and crispy crust are preserved, and the content of vitamins and microelements is close to the composition of fresh apples. One of the features of the technology being developed is the use of a special syrup-like solution in which apple slices are blanched, which allows not only to improve the appearance of the final product, but also to maximize the preservation of biological substances - vitamins, amino acids and microelements that are present in the original raw material. Pomological varieties of apples grown in the Turkestan region, whose biometric characteristics meet the standards for raw materials, were selected as research objects. In laboratory conditions, the optimal composition of the blanched solution, the operating parameters for cutting and processing apple slices in the solution and their drying were selected. For the first time, the amino acid and vitamin composition of the Jonagold and Jeramin varieties has been established, in which 13 types of amino acids and B vitamins are present. In terms of the content of basic vitamin C, as well as carbohydrates, dry matter, fiber, flavonoids, pectin, and water-soluble extractive substances, the Jonagold variety exceeds the average by 50%. It has been established that the most optimal composition of the blanched solution is the following ingredient composition – 30 wt. % sucrose, 1,5 wt.% ascorbic acid, 0,5 wt.% citric acid. Regime parameters for preparing the solution are t = 45-500 C, dissolution time 5-10 minutes. It has been established that the drying time of apple chip slices saturated with syrup when using conventional drying increases to 36-48 hours.

In this scientific article, to provide the population with high-quality types of meat products through an overview of the technology of slaughtering animals and the equipment that performs the process of work on it (including shock boxing) to improve the quality of types of meat products. For this purpose, during the transportation of animals, it is provided to ensure that the animals are not injured, the speed of loading and unloading animals into vehicles, and transportation. The production capacity, technical level and requirements of the technology of development, slaughter and carcass processing of cattle for slaughter adopted by the slaughter technology are considered.
In order to provide the population with high – quality feed in the agro-industrial complex, the initial conditions when accepting livestock from farms are the availability of documents on the well-being of animals from diseases, that is, the correct veterinary and sanitary examination, and the acceptance of livestock. Monitoring the implementation of all work performed according to the technological method during the preparation of adopted animals for slaughter, slaughter and primary processing of carcasses and improving the operation of installations and equipment performing these technological operations. In order to obtain highquality meat and meat products, much attention should be paid to the operation of units, machines and apparatuses that perform work on technological methods, with the correct application of appropriate technological methods for the preparation, slaughter, primary processing of carcasses, processing of byproducts and meat products for post-acceptance slaughter of animals.

The article presents a theoretical analysis of scientific research aimed at developing technologies for functional dairy products using collagen or collagen-containing products. The relevance of this research is confirmed by the growing interest in functional foods that contribute to health improvement and disease prevention. Collagen, as an innovative ingredient, has the ability to improve the texture, consistency, and biological value of dairy products. Based on experimental studies, the microstructure of the obtained dry collagen-containing concentrate was determined. Calculations revealed that the average pore size of the dry collagen-containing concentrate is 12,5 µm, which affects the moisture-retaining capacity of the cottage cheese product. It was found that with the increase in the dose of the added dry collagen-containing concentrate (from 1% to 13%), the moisture-retaining capacity of the low-fat cottage cheese product increases. A scoring scale was developed to evaluate the consistency of the low-fat cottage cheese product. The highest score was noted in the low-fat cottage cheese product containing 1% to 5% dry collagen-containing concentrate. As a result of the research, the optimal dose of the dry collagen-containing concentrate (5%) was established for the development of the recipe and technology of the cottage cheese product.

The article presents the results of physico-chemical and microbiological safety indicators of «camel milk» produced by private entrepreneurs of the Almaty region, Ileysky district, as well as microbiological safety indicators of camel milk proteins and its comparison with the composition of cow's milk.
The main purpose of the study is to study the protective effect and value of fermented camel milk proteins.
One of the urgent issues is the study of the biochemical value and quality, safety of camel milk. This is due to the fact that currently, due to the deterioration of the ecological system, dairy products, especially camel milk, play a significant role in improving human health. Albumin or whey protein contained in camel milk is much better absorbed by the body and is considered very popular due to its medicinal properties.
In this regard, physico-chemical and microbiological studies of camel milk were carried out in this research work. That is, when studying the value of camel milk, its physico-chemical parameters (density, acidity, amount of total protein, fat, lactose and vitamin C) were revealed. The determination of milk acidity by Turner was carried out by titrimetry, density by Hydrometric method, protein content by titration with NaOH solution, determination of the amount of lactose by refractometric method, determination of the amount of vitamin C by oxidoreductase and titration.
The results of the study showed that the content of protein, fat, lactose, and skimmed solids in the milk sample satisfy the physiological daily needs of camel milk. This will allow us to obtain fresh dairy products with high nutritional value in the future.
In addition, carrying out this research work, it became possible to study the properties of microbiologically useful proteins inside camel milk whey proteins (using SDS-PAGE methods, chromatography) and to study the antimicrobial properties of whey protein hydrolysates (using the Well method).
During the study of these properties, it was found that as a result of a test to determine the antimicrobial properties of camel milk whey protein hydrolysates, hydrolysates inhibit the growth of the pathogenic microorganism E.coli.
The obtained research results show their results in assessing the impact on human health and obtaining particularly important environmentally friendly products in the future.

The analysis of literary sources shows that there are many ways to improve the consumer properties of raw sausage products, but starter cultures occupy the leading positions in this list. They are one of the most important factors in forming the quality of sausage products. Correctly selected cultures contribute to: accelerated formation of the consistency and color of the taste and aroma of the sausage; suppression of vital activity of putrefactive and sanitary-indicative microorganisms.
Taking into account the results of the experiment on the stabilization of microbiological indicators of raw smoked sausages, it is possible to assume that the parameters taken into account in the technology ensure microbiological stability and safety of the finished product.
Sausage, like other meat products, is the main source of protein. The amount of fat should be such that it improves the quality of the sausage, as a large amount of fat affects the taste of the product and its digestibility. Free fatty acids and carbonyl compounds are products of the breakdown of fats, which play an important role in the formation of aroma. Therefore, in this article, the data of the study of physical and chemical values of raw smoked sausage "Family" in the process of ripening are presented.

This article discusses methods for enriching soft brine cheeses with vegetable raw materials. Our daily body must be provided with foods rich in vitamins, minerals, fats and carbohydrates, proteins, as well as micro- and macroelements, dietary fiber. Today, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, overweight and cardiovascular diseases are widespread among humanity. Dietary fiber plays an important role in the prevention or treatment of such diseases. Dietary fiber normalizes the microflora of the digestive system in the human body, reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, has a prebiotic effect and is a source of energy, and also helps eliminate toxins, heavy metals and radionuclides from the body. The study presents the recipe and technology for the production of salted soft cheese with the addition of wheat bran, which is a waste product from flour production. The physicochemical properties of cow's milk, the main raw material for cheese production, as well as the amount of dietary fiber in cereals and the presence of the required daily requirement of vitamins and minerals in wheat bran were determined. Research results have shown that wheat bran contains, in addition to a large amount of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, as well as essential and non-essential amino acids. The nutritional and biological value of soft cheese prepared with the addition of 5% wheat bran according to the proposed recipe turned out to be high.

This article presents the data of a study on the influence of various canning methods on the quality of maral antlers. It has been determined that the use of vacuum and infrared processing leads to a significant increase in the content of biologically active substances in the finished product in comparison with the traditional method of canning – cooking. Infrared drying of antlers was carried out for 6 hours using a wavelength of 1,6-2,4 µm and active ventilation. Vacuum drying was carried out at a temperature of 65 °C for four hours using a vacuum pump with a vacuum value of 0,094-0,096 MPa.
An organoleptic analysis of samples of antlers preserved in different ways revealed that all samples meet the requirements of regulatory documentation and have no defects. Antlers preserved using vacuum drying and infrared processing have an advantage in fat content – 0,5 and 1,47%, respectively, protein – 6,56% (for both samples), calcium – 2,7 and 5,17%, phosphorus – 2,13 and 2,44%, copper – 1,2 and 4,68 mg/kg and zinc – 15,0 and 23,4 mg/kg.
The use of infrared and vacuum drying methods does not increase the cost of canning, but makes it possible to increase the efficiency of these methods by 55,6% in cost compared to the traditional method. A study of the effectiveness of maral breeding using modern methods of preserving antlers has shown that the most effective method is vacuum drying, which makes it possible to obtain a product with the highest content of biologically active substances.

Now consumer interest in the use of natural ingredients and products in nutrition for therapeutic purposes is increasing. Such kind of the products include milk whey. In our country, they are produced in limited quantities. In connection with such recommendations, it is necessary to look for ways and means of solving the problems of rational processing of secondary raw materials by developing functional foods. This paper shows results of the textural analyses, sensory evaluation and some physicochemical parameters, also content or mineral elements of the developed mousse samples based on milk whey. For the stabilization and to reach foamy consistency were used pectin and agar. From the results of texture analyzer, sample with the use of pectin as a fixative, the mousse becomes more resistant to mechanical stress, and the strength of the mousse increases. The peak strength of the sample was 1,605 N. The sample with pectin has an elasticity – 1,569 N, the viscosity is – 1,448 N. It can be established that the sample with pectin has a more delicate consistency. Based on the study's findings, it can be noted that all physicochemical indicators are acceptable, according to the standards. The results shows that the composition of whey-based mousse samples contains basic microelements. For mousse with pectin are carbon – 12,45%, potassium – 14,14%, sodium – 10,84% and phosphorus – 9,10%, calcium – 8,33% of the total mineral content. For mousse with agar are carbon – 18,97%, potassium – 15,99%, sodium – 9,20% and chlorine – 6,93%, phosphorus – 7,39%, calcium – 5,23% of the total mineral content.

At all times, research has been carried out on the search for rational methods of complex processing of plant and animal raw materials, the creation of waste-free technologies that can serve as the basis for the production of high-quality and safe food products enriched with vitamins, microelements, proteins and other components that increase their biological and nutritional value. The article selected cow's milk as the main raw material for the product and rose hips as an additive of plant origin. Cow's milk contains all the useful substances necessary for Human Nutrition and contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates that are very easily absorbed by the body. In addition, it contains many enzymes, vitamins, minerals and other important nutrients that ensure normal metabolism. This article describes the use of the rosehip plant not directly itself, but rosehip extract in the enrichment of the composition of the national product cheese. The rosehip plant contains a huge amount of many organic compounds, as an example, natural antioxidants – phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. The peculiarity of the method of extracting a berry from a plant from a dry plant is described. It is shown that the quality and organoleptic indicators of lactic acid products after adding the extract have undergone changes. Due to the enrichment of the composition of the national product cheese with functional additives of plant origin, the amino acid composition of the product has increased.

To carry out the drying process, various technological processing methods are used: sublimation drying, drying with infrared radiation, microwave currents, thermal heating, etc. This article presents studies that are aimed at studying the technological process of drying fish raw materials (pike) with microwave currents (3 modes drying – 700, 800, 900 W) and thermal drying with hot air, research of sanitary indicative microorganisms during storage. Standard methods were used in the study. The experiments were carried out in triplicate and processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. The results of the study showed that drying with microwave currents is effective at 900 W, the drying time is reduced, and microbiological indicators are lower than with conventional thermal drying with hot air. The chemical composition of dried fish differs slightly, but when dried at 900 W, the product has a higher protein content. The shelf life of fish dried using microwave currents is higher than when dried with hot air, which is also a big advantage for this category of food products. The finished products met the standards of technical regulations and had positive physical, chemical and organoleptic indicators.

Nowadays, food manufacturers strive to differentiate their products through creative segmentation and positioning strategies, focusing on functionality and quality. Curd pastes with cereals show significant market potential due to growing consumer interest in healthy and functional products with a delicious taste and texture. The quality of the product directly depends on the quality of the raw materials, which emphasizes the importance of the animal feeding system. The quality of goat milk varies depending on the feed supply and housing conditions, affecting its nutritional characteristics.
The study found that curd spreads with the addition of talkan have improved organoleptic and functional properties. Talkan enriches the product with fiber, vitamins and minerals, improves texture and gives a light nutty flavor. The production process includes pasteurization of milk, coagulation using starter and rennet, adding talkan and functional components (probiotics, vitamins, minerals). The resulting product is characterized by high nutritional value, protein and amino acid content, as well as improved microbiological parameters.
Goat milk curd spreads with talkan offer a unique combination of flavors and textures, making them attractive to health-conscious consumers. The developed technology ensures high quality and safety of the product, meeting modern requirements. Prospects for further research include optimizing technological parameters and expanding the range of functional products, which will increase their attractiveness in the market. Research has shown that goat's milk, especially pasture-fed, has higher nutritional properties, which is beneficial to the final product. The use of modern processing methods, such as high pressure, helps to preserve the nutritional and sensory characteristics. Thus, curd paste with talkan is a promising product for the functional food market, combining high nutritional value and unique taste properties.

The study aims to develop methods for the production of low dextrose (DE) maltodextrins of corn starch, which is important for various industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. Maltodextrins with varying levels of DE play a crucial role in many products, from sweets to medicines, and their properties vary depending on the production process. The study examined different approaches and technologies for the production of maltodextrins to determine optimal conditions, including timing, temperature, and the use of different enzymes. Understanding these parameters allows not only to increase production efficiency, but also to obtain products with the necessary properties. An important part of the study is the analysis of the physico-chemical properties of the obtained maltodextrins, for example, molecular structure, sorption capacity and their functional characteristics, such as gelling or viscosity ability. This makes it possible to better understand and optimize the application of these products in different areas of industry. Research work can serve as a basis for the development of production processes of low-dextrose equivalent maltodextrins derived from corn starch.

The article substantiates the need to use ingredients of plant origin for the manufacture of fermented milk products of functional and preventive purpose, the systematic use of which contributes to the elimination of deficiency conditions of essential substances required by the body, and increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental factors. The aim of this work is to study the effect of ingredients of plant origin on the quality of fermented milk products.
The biochemical composition of yogurt samples prepared with the addition of sesame and pumpkin flours rich in vitamins and minerals, as well as water-soluble vitamins and minerals contained in them, were analyzed. The results of the analysis showed that the use of ingredients of natural plant origin as components of fermented milk products affects the increase in the content of macro- and microelements and vitamins.
The results of the analysis show that the addition of vegetable ingredients to yogurt has a positive effect on the dynamics of vitamin proliferation, therefore, the content of vitamins B1, B2, C, PP, B6 increased. The addition of vegetable ingredients to yogurt led to an increase in the mineral content compared with without additives: calcium – 0,46-1,49%, magnesium – 5,92-3,38%, phosphorus – 12,33-7,57%, potassium – 8,09-3,97%, iron – 0,15-0,14%, sodium – 0,06-0,39%, zinc-0,02-0,07%.

The article presents materials on determining the qualitative composition of raw materials for the production of cottage cheese. The physico-chemical parameters of cow's, camel's and combined milk were studied. The physico-chemical parameters of cottage cheese from combined milk were also studied. As a result of the combination of cow's and camel's milk, the physico-chemical parameters of the finished product improve. The results of the study provide an information basis for the production of a high-quality fermented milk product from combined milk with a favorable composition for human health. The analysis of the results of the study of organoleptic analysis and physico-chemical indicators shows that of the considered combination options, the greatest preference was given to the option of combining cow and camel milk in a ratio of 70:30. The production of lactic acid products from compound milk based on camel and cow's milk is an urgent task to provide the population with valuable dairy products. In addition, fermented milk products from camel milk have a high nutritional and biological value, which is due to the composition and properties of primary milk-raw materials. Currently, camel milk products are used in the Kazakhstan market as medicinal and dietary and mass consumption products. However, the importance of camel milk as a raw material is very high due to its unique chemical composition.

The article discusses the issues of studying heat transfer in hybrid solar collectors using a developed laboratory stand. The issue of solar energy efficiency is very important in light of the modern concept of carbon neutrality. One of the most promising solar energy technologies is the use of hybrid solar collectors, where, along with electrical energy, thermal energy is also generated. The heat removed from the surface of the solar panel allows to maintain a high level of its efficiency, and the heat removed is used by the consumer. One of the most effective methods for intensifying heat transfer in hybrid solar collectors is the use of nanofluids as a coolant. Nanofluids are a new type of coolant with increased thermal conductivity, consisting of a base fluid and nanoparticles. The most commonly used and economically feasible are nanofluids with the addition of metal oxides. The developed laboratory stand will allow simulating solar radiation and studying the currentvoltage characteristics of the solar panel at different lighting levels. The use of different types of nanofluids will allow to determine the most efficient operating modes of a hybrid solar collector. Analysis of thermal and electrical efficiency will provide a more complete picture of production when hybrid solar collectors operate in various modes using different types of nanofluids.

Based on the results of this study, a contract was concluded to test and determine the prospects of application of needle applicators for liquid fertiliser application in field conditions. The paper presents the results of investigation of the influence of surface hardening by plasma electrolyte on tribological and mechanical properties of hollow needle applicators for liquid fertiliser application made of 12Kh18N10T steel. The hollow needle applicators for liquid fertiliser handling and testing were made of cylindrical 12Kh18N10T steel with a diameter of 20 mm. Experiments were conducted on the applicators to investigate the effect of sample rotation speed on the uniformity of surface hardening. For a number of parameters relevant to the electrolyte-plasma surface hardening (EPSH) performance, the optimum areas of improvement of structural, phase and mechanical properties under different thermocycling regimes were determined. Heating and resulted in residual austenite stability; the maximum microhardness after EPSH was two times higher than the initial value; the maximum surface microhardness after EPSH reached 887.13 HV; In friction tests, the coefficient of friction after EPSH doubled. This result is also favourable to wear reduction.

Currently, more and more attention is being paid to the problem of effective application of ozone-safe refrigerating agents used in the cycles of vapor-compression refrigeration machines. This has become especially important when a number of ozone-safe refrigeration agents have a large global warming index, which has recently been unacceptable with respect to the environment worldwide. Therefore, conducting studies to evaluate the performance of new refrigerating agents as a result of replacing some refrigerating agents with others is an urgent task. At the same time it is necessary to try to keep the same equipment as it was before the replacement of the working agent. In this connection the justified efficiency of vaporcompression refrigeration machines at replacement of freons are an integral part of modernization of refrigeration systems. This paper presents a study of the efficiency of vapor-compression single-stage cycles of refrigeration machines when operating with different refrigerating agents. Thermodynamic evaluation of different ozone-safe refrigerating agents was carried out in comparison with forbidden ozone-safe refrigerating agent – dichlorodifluoromethane. In the course of the conducted research the cold-productivity and effective power of the refrigeration cycle for the considered refrigerating agents were determined. An estimation of the refrigerating agent value and the degree of cycle perfection for different refrigerating agents has been carried out. Specific volumetric refrigerating capacity of the investigated refrigerating agents for the considered cycle and parameters has been determined.
As a result of this research, the most expedient refrigerating agent was recommended for replacement at the investigated parameters and cycle of the refrigeration machine.

In order to maintain the temperature in a given mode in both residential and industrial premises it is necessary to establish the operation of a certain amount of equipment that will serve to receive, transfer and transmit the required amount of heat. The aggregate of such equipment is a heating system. From the correct choice of the device of such a system depends, as well as the efficiency of the devices, so the solution of energy-saving issues. Among multi-storey buildings, most of the buildings are connected to the centralized heat supply. The peculiarities of the thermal regime of buildings are taken into account at the design level, and heating systems must necessarily provide air parameters justified by regulations. A number of requirements are imposed on heating systems: sanitary-hygienic, economic, construction, installation and operational. Most often water is used as a heat carrier. The use of water heating has a number of advantages, including hygiene, reliability, quietness, simplicity and ease of operation. The materials from which radiators are made can be different: cast iron, steel, aluminum. It is also possible to use bimetallic radiators. The choice of a particular type of radiator is determined in each case, depending on the conditions. When calculating the heat transfer processes in the radiator, the heat transfer process from the hot water in the radiator to the heated air is calculated.

The article deals with the problem of constructing a grid for 3D modeling of a wind turbine by a nonstationary air flow. To solve the problem, two grids are constructed: the first from the rotating part, the second from the non-rotating part. Consequently, blockMesh, snappyHexMesh, TransformPoint, reconstructParMesh, mergeMeshes, changeDictionary utilities are used to build the grid as part of the OpenFOAM package. The solution of the main problems in the construction of the grid is determined: the first is a combination of static and moving grid, the second axis of rotation is not parallel to any of the main axes (this fact complicates the engagement with the help of snappyHexMesh and torque estimation).
As a result of the data obtained from the constructed grids, the stationary part covers a large amount of space and has a high resolution. For example, the grid of the stationary part constructed with blockMesh consists of 6,750,000 cells, the total number of sides of the grid is 20,385,000, of which 20,115,000 are internal faces, and the rest are the boundaries of the grid. The data of the rotating part shows that the closed grid consists of 2,965,671 cells, 9,447,062 faces and 3,623,151 points. Consequently, the rotating part adapts to the geometry and dynamics of the turbine blades. Based on the data obtained from the constructed grids, the quality and resolution of the grid are analyzed. It is shown that the resulting grid has sufficient accuracy and adaptability to simulate turbulent flows around a wind turbine.

This article examines the influence of the electrolytic environment on the structure and phase composition of calcium phosphate coatings obtained by microarc oxidation of the surface of VT1-0 titanium alloy. Experimental studies using different electrolytic media (eg, aqueous calcium nitrate and aqueous ammonium phosphate) are presented. The phase composition and morphology of the coatings were analyzed using microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Based on the research of scientists in this field, it was possible to evaluate the influence of the electrolytic environment on the formation of calcium phosphate coatings and determine the optimal environment for achieving certain coating properties. In conclusion, it should be noted that this work contributes to the understanding of the formation of surface coatings on titanium alloys and can contribute to further research in the field of surface modification of materials.

Coal combustion remains an important source of energy despite its environmental disadvantages. This paper investigates the efficiency of combustion of non-project coal of D grade from Karazhyra mine at CHPP-1 of Semey city. The purpose of the study is to optimize the combustion processes to improve the efficiency of boiler E-90-3,9/440. The research method includes experimental-theoretical approach, with an emphasis on drawing up the heat balance and calculating the coefficient of performance (COP) by the inverse balance method.
The analysis of the obtained data shows that with increasing the heat output of the boiler there is a parallel growth of fuel consumption and efficiency, indicating an improvement in the efficiency of the boiler unit. It is revealed that when reaching the heat output of 220 GJ/h there is a significant jump in efficiency, indicating the transition of the boiler to a more optimal mode. This result confirms not only the significant potential for improving energy efficiency, but also the stability of fuel costs at changing loads on the boiler unit.
Thus, optimization of combustion processes of non-project D grade coal is an important step to reduce negative environmental impact and improve energy efficiency. Further research in this area may lead to even more significant improvements in the operation of boiler units and reduction of harmful emissions.

In this work, the structural-phase state of coatings formed on the surface of titanium by microarc oxidation (MAO) was studied. During the research, a number of experiments were carried out in which the process parameters and electrolyte composition were changed. Morphological and structural changes of the coatings were analyzed using various analytical methods, including electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Microarc oxidation of titanium was carried out in anodic potentiostatic mode for 10 minutes in various electrolytes based on phosphoric acid, sodium orthophosphate, potassium hydroxide and hydroxyapatite. After MDO, the microgeometry of the surface does not change, i.e. a thin coating 5-7 microns thick is formed on the titanium surface. The results of studying the surface of coatings using scanning electron microscopy showed that the most porous surface of all the studied coatings was found in coatings formed in an electrolyte with the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the main phase of the coatings are anatase and rutile. Electrolyte composition is one of the main factors in the MAO process. The research results allow us to deeply understand the process of coating formation during microarc oxidation of titanium.

It is necessary to obtain a dry substance by removing all moisture from it. This can be done using various devices, but the most common of them in industry and science are drying cabinets. They allow you to quickly remove excess moisture from materials by evaporation and extraction from the chambers. At the same time, it is necessary to calculate the volume of dry air and energy required for the process. To solve these problems, it is necessary to calculate the material and thermal balance of drying.
They are the measurement and calculation of the amount of material and energy spent on it. The material and thermal balance of the dryer, which is air, is calculated using formulas and equations. It characterizes the initial and final mass of the substance and water that evaporated as a result of drying, and the absolutely dry mass of the substance remains constant.
The authors examined the amount of moisture and substituted its value into the appropriate formula and calculated the mass of an absolutely dry substance and the amount of the resulting product. Thus, using the heat balance formula, the required volume of air for the process was determined. All calculations were performed for each model and the results were different.
After calculating the material balance, the amount of energy consumed was determined. When calculating the heat balance, a theoretical and a practical dryer are distinguished. In the first case, it is assumed that during the operation of the drying cabinet there is no heat loss or its arrival from the outside. In practice, this does not happen, therefore, when calculating the thermal balance, many factors must be taken into account: the arrival of heat with the drying agent, the material itself and its moisture, transport devices and external energy sources. The energy consumption of the outgoing drying agent was also taken into account in this study.
The obtained expressions of the material and thermal balance of the dryer allow us to determine the technological parameters of the drying workflow and the technical parameters of the dryer, which ultimately allows us to determine the technical and economic performance of the dryer.

The problems of energy saving and environmental friendliness in the issues of heat supply, hot water supply and energy-intensive industrial production are constantly in the center of attention and research. The relevance of such research is caused by the need to reduce fuel consumption, reduce harmful emissions from fuel combustion, and reduce thermal pollution of the atmosphere. Heat pumps are devices that operate on a reverse cycle, i.e. heat is transferred from less heated bodies to more heated ones, and the heat pump requires an external energy source. In recent years, heat pumps have been increasingly used. In many technological processes there is incomplete utilization of primary energy, such unused energy refers to secondary energy resources. In the production of silicate bricks the main technological process is autoclaving, which uses saturated steam of high parameters. The steam condensate can be used to operate a heat pump. Thus, the use of waste heat carrier as a low-potential heat source contributes to the rational use of secondary energy resources and the development of energy-saving technologies. Heat supply by means of heat pumps represents modern, priority environmentally friendly technologies.

In the current study, weight loss measurements and electrochemical methods were used to examine the inhibitory characteristics of the aqueous extract of Ribes nigrum leaves on the corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid medium. It has been determined that in 1.0 mol·dm^-3 HCl, the inhibition efficiency of the extract can reach up to 92,66%. Metal protection ability was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration. It was observed that high inhibition efficiency is a result of spontaneous physisorption of the inhibitor (ΔG⁰abs ˃ -20 kJ·mol^-1) on the carbon steel surface directly obeys the Langmuir absorption model. The polarization curves analysis revealed the mixed-type inhibition behavior of the studied extract with the highest inhibition efficiency achieved at inhibitor concentration of 2.0 g·dm^-3. The electrochemical and gravimetric data were found in great agreement. The assumption that the inhibitory effect of the extract is caused by the adsorption of phenolic compounds was made by the performing of UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis of the corrosive medium before and after the immersion of the carbon steel specimen. Aqueous extract of the R. nigrum leaves was proposed as a low-cost, environmentally friendly and effective corrosion inhibitor.

In recent years, there has been an increase in soil degradation under the influence of anthropogenic pressure. This leads to decreased fertility and deterioration of environmental quality. In this regard, there is an increasing need to develop new methods for creating and restoring soil structure. Therefore, the article presents the results of a study of the influence of hybrid amide functional polymers on soil structure formation. The relevance of the work is determined by the growing need to develop new methods for creating and restoring soil structure degraded under the influence of human activity. The work studied polymers that differ in the set of functional groups, charge, conformation and type of counterions. A comprehensive study of their optical, viscosity and electrical conductivity properties was carried out. Types of functional groups have been identified and quantitative relationships between them have been established. The types of polymers and the influence of synthesis conditions on the concentration of destabilizing and stabilizing factors that determine the structure-forming properties of polymer samples in disperse systems are determined. The areas of application of the obtained polymers are shown and the nature of their functional properties is explained. The results of the work are important for the development of new environmentally friendly methods for structuring, destabilizing and stabilizing dispersed systems in the presence of water-soluble polymers. This will increase soil fertility and improve environmental quality.

This review aims to analyze the processing techniques employed for coal fly ash (CFA) and their implications. The study addresses the research problem of enhancing CFA utilization while minimizing environmental impacts. The review is based on the principles of sustainable development, circular economy, and resource conservation. It draws upon theories related to waste management, materials science, and environmental engineering. A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing research articles, technical reports, and industry publications. The review encompasses a comprehensive examination of processing techniques, including separation, beneficiation, utilization, and treatment methods. The research techniques employed involved data synthesis and analysis of the identified studies. The review highlights the effectiveness and limitations of various processing techniques for CFA, such as electrostatic separation, magnetic separation, and froth flotation. It provides insights into the improvements achieved through processing, including enhanced CFA quality, expanded applications, and resource recovery. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive characterization of CFA, understanding its composition and properties, and optimizing processing methods to maximize its potential. The research contributes to the academic understanding of CFA processing techniques, providing a foundation for further studies in the field. Managerially, it offers guidance to industries involved in CFA utilization, promoting sustainable waste management practices and resource conservation. The review has significant social implications by reducing the environmental impact associated with CFA disposal and supporting the development of circular economy principles.

Layers of TiO₂ nanotubes formed through an anodization process are an area of active research in the context of innovative energy conversion and storage systems. Titanium nanotubes (TNT) have attracted attention due to their unique properties, especially their high surface-to-volume ratio, making them a desirable material for various technological applications. The anodizing method is widely used for the production of TNT due to its simplicity and relative cheapness, the method allows precise control of the thickness of TiO₂ nanotubes. Anodizing can also be used to create decorative and colored coatings on titanium nanotubes. In this study, a combined structure comprising anodic TiO₂ nanotubes and SrTiO₃ particles was created using chemical synthesis methods. TiO₂ nanotubes were prepared by anodizing in ethylene glycol containing NH₄F and Н₂O using a voltage of 30 volts.The anodic nanotube array, heat-treated at 450°C, was then placed in an autoclave filled with a dilute SrTiO₃ solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that TNT are characterized by clear and open tube ends. With an average outer diameter of 1 µm and an inner diameter of 69 nm, and their length is 133 nm.

Known for many years as miracoulous plant, Aloe possesses many pharmaceutical activities, including laxative, antiinflammatory, immunostimulant, antiseptic, wound and burn healing, antiulcer, antitumor, and antidiabetic in which the mediation of the ROS levels could be involved. In order to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the plant, in the first part of this study, the antioxidant activities of the water extracts prepared separetely from the pulp and gel parts of the plant leaves, were evaluated by using several antioxidant tests. The present study demonstrated that the water extract from Aloe leaves pulp contained naturally occurring antioxidant components, including ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, phenols and flavonoids. It was concluded that Aloe leaf pulp aqueous extract exhibited an inhibitory capacity against posphatidylcholine liposome peroxidation, induced with iron and ascorbic acid, scavenged ABTS, DPPH and superoxide radicals and acted as reductant and thus can be used as natural antioxidant source in contrast, Aloe vera gel did not show any antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH radical scavenging test. In the second part of the study, a single lectin from the leaf pulp of Aloe vera was isolated by ammonium sulphate precipitation and affinity chromatography on cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B coupled to ovalbumin. Native and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to determine the degree of purity of the lectin and the apparent molecular weight. The molecular weight of the subunits of the purified lectin, migrating as one band in native PAGE was determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The lectin did not show any antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH radical scavenging test.

This article presents research in the field of storage and accumulation of ash and slag waste from coalfired power plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Aspects of recycling are considered, as well as options for the disposal of ash and slag waste. The granulometric and chemical composition is described, the acidity (Ph) and basicity coefficients of coal-fired power plant waste are determined, and the material class is established. The article describes a new technology for the production of ceramic products using ash and slag waste. The dependence of the addition of ash and slag waste to the composition of clay mixtures in the production of ceramic products has been determined. The optimal firing parameters of the muffle furnace have been determined depending on the temperature change. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained materials, as well as such indicators as: thermal conductivity, compressive strength, have been studied. According to the research results, new methods of processing ash and slag waste have been obtained. To reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment, a comprehensive study of ash and slag waste in need of recycling was conducted. The research revealed signs in the main seam: acid and basic coefficients, silicate coefficients and quality coefficients, the main task of which is to further study the physico-chemical patterns of waste in various types of heat treatment and the further use of ash and slag waste in industry. At the same time, it is taken into account that acidic ash is characterized by an unstable chemical composition and has no astringent properties, however, when accelerators are added, it becomes viscous, which improves quality indicators.

The article presents the results of thermochemical enrichment of waste copper tailings. Studies on sintering the concentrate with alkali have established the formation of silicate and sodium aluminosilicate. The extraction of silicon into the solution, depending on the sintering temperature in the range of 250-500°C, increases from 59,96% to 70,40%. After water leaching of cake under the following conditions: L:S = 3:1 temperature 60°C; duration of 60 minutes, the copper content in the cake increases on average 1,2 times.
To isolate white soot from a silicate solution, carbon dioxide was used as a neutralizing agent. White soot was obtained by two-stage carbonization of a silicate solution with carbon dioxide in a recirculation system, bringing the pH to 9-10. The influence of the duration of deposition, temperature, and concentration of the silicate solution on the specific surface area (Ssp., m²/g) of white soot was studied. It has been established that with increasing carbonization time and solution temperature, the specific surface area of white soot decreases. It was found that at a temperature of 25°C, a process duration of 50 minutes and a final pH = 9,7 units. white soot is formed with a specific surface area of 200 m²/g.
After removing aluminum oxide impurities with a sulfuric acid solution at a temperature of 80°C, white soot corresponding to the BS-100 grade was obtained.

Due to the increased demands on tools used in extreme operating conditions, protective coatings are widely used to extend the service life of tools. This work examines the physical principles of obtaining MeN coatings (Me = Zr, Cr, Mo, Nb) of multilayer nanocomposites based on WN, as well as the effect on the microstructure, phase composition, as well as mechanical and tribological properties. Multilayer WN/MoN coatings are a new field of application, and cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD) is used for the first time to produce these coatings. In addition, first-principles calculations are performed to better understand the properties of the deposited multilayers. Two coating microstructures with different lattice types are observed: (i) face-centered cubic and (ii) a combination of hexagonal and fcc. Among the systems studied, WN/NbN exhibits superior properties, including the lowest specific wear rate (1.7 × 10^-6 mm³/Nm), high
hardness, and a remarkable ductility index. The excellent tribological performance can be attributed to factors such as low surface roughness, high elastic strain before failure, formation of Nb₂O₅ and WO₃ tribofilms during sliding, ductile behavior of NbN, and nanocomposite structure.

The technology of obtaining hydrofluoric acid and the peculiarities of its production are studied in the work, as well as physical and chemical studies of the properties of the waste. Activators accelerating the hardening of anhydrite binder were selected. The process of utilization of fluorohydrite waste from the production of hydrofluoric acid of JSC «Ulba Metallurgical Plant» was investigated and anhydrite anhydrite binder without firing with setting time of 30 min was obtained. On the basis of the received data the technological scheme of manufacturing of products from anhydrite binder is developed. The efficiency of the adopted technological scheme is confirmed experimentally. Also the given work is directed on studying of possibility of complex use of secondary and technogenic raw materials of Ulba Metallurgical Plant, which in the end acquires value not only important reserve of increase of efficiency of manufacture, economic benefit, reduction of irrational alienation of land resources, but also protection from pollution of water and air basin as questions of ecological policy of JSC «UMP» at present are actual. At research of characteristic of technogenic wastes of production of hydrofluoric acid, their potential suitability for manufacture of anhydrite binder and building materials on its bases has been shown. The influence of limestone dispersibility on the completeness of the neutralization reaction has been established.

In the coming decades, the importance of creating clean energy and its associated applications cannot be underestimated. Minimizing and eliminating toxic emissions has been proven to be critical to the survival of our planet. Sulfur (S) compounds in fuel create toxic emissions that pose a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, research on the desulphurization process has intensified worldwide to produce fuels with low S content. Traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) technology has not been widely adopted due to several disadvantages such as high cost, increased energy consumption, increased hydrogen production and the use of high content catalysts noble metals. A promising alternative to HDS is the extractive desulfurization (EDS) process due to its mild operating conditions. In recent years, much research attention has been paid to the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), formed from a eutectic mixture of Lewis/Brønsted acids and bases. The purpose of this review is to discuss the advantages of EDS using DES compared to other desulfurization methods, as well as to describe various desulfurization factors such as the nature of DES, mass ratio of DES to fuel, temperature, mutual solubility, time, initial S content. The potential problems and shortcomings of EDS using DES have been well studied. Due to the promising physicochemical properties of DES, this review recommends DES as a preferred candidate over many molecular organic solvents in the field of clean petroleum fuel production.

This paper presents a review of both the research and practice regarding the latest available information on bitumen modified using polymers, among which special attention is paid to polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), both widely used to significantly improve the properties of bitumen. In this literature review, the authors concentrate on the chemical composition of modified bitumen, assessing the various approaches utilized in improving its engineering properties in paving, as well as looking at traditional additives and polymers. The latter have been shown to greatly enhance the performance characteristics and properties of bitumen. The viscoelastic behavior of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) depends on various factors, including initial polymer structure and concentration, mixing temperature and technique, as a well as species of bitumen and its resistance to factors such as solvents and temperature fluctuations. Though an assertion can be made that both traditional additives and polymers have the potential to improve specific properties of bitumen, PMB appears to provide significant increases to the ability of the composite material to withstand a broader range of climatic conditions.

The paper demonstrates that activated carbon surface area, micropore volume, and toal pore volume can be estimated using multiple regression with iodine and methylene blue numbers. The method was developed by studying activated carbon samples made from rice husk precursors. A justification for the selection criteria is given based on the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbent. Activated carbon was studied to systematically evaluate the influence of pore structure and surface chemistry. A technique has been developed to estimate the surface area, micropore volume and total pore volume of activated carbon samples by multiple regression of iodine number and methylene blue number. Among a series of KKK samples obtained by activating rice husks with phosphoric acid at different temperatures, it was studied that the samples (KKKR-400 and KKK-R-500), activated at a temperature of 400-500^oC, have a high specific surface area. area and iodine number. The more oxygen in the initial and final products, the higher the ratio of the specific surface area and iodine number of ACM: it was found that the specific surface area (1690 m²/g) and iodine number (1150 mg/g) of the samples obtained by activation with phosphoric acid at a temperature of 500^°C were higher.

A zeolite-containing catalyst modified with chromium and phosphorus additives has been developed. The technological conditions of its optimal activity in the dehydrogenation reaction and oligomerization of the C₄ fraction of liquefied petroleum gas to produce gasoline components are determined.
A study of the physicochemical properties of a 5% Cr/Al₂O₃+ HZSM catalyst promoted with 5% phosphoric acid was carried out. The structure of the catalyst was studied by electron microscopy in combination with microdiffraction. The reflections of HZSM and Al₂O₃ were detected using the X-ray diffraction method. It was also shown by the EPR method that the PFK-9 catalyst is characterized by a narrow singlet symmetrical EPR signal with a g-factor of 1.96 and a width ∆Н=60 Gauss against the background of a broad signal with ∆Н=1000 Gauss. The narrow EPR signal is due to Cr⁵⁺ ions in the matrix and HZSM zeolite. The intensity of the Cr⁵⁺ signal in the PFK-9 catalyst is 205 conventional units. The specific surface area of the catalyst is 176,5 m²/g, the pore volume is 0,137 ml/g.
The catalyst at contact with C₄-alkanes (400-600°C, P=0,1 MPa) makes dehydrogenation with reception olefins with the subsequent them oligomerisetion. A study of the conversion of the C₄ fraction of LPG on the PFK-9 catalyst was also carried out in the presence of water vapor.
The yield of C₅-C10-hydrocarbons depending on technological conditions fluctuates within 40-50%, at the degree of conversion raw material 80-90%.

The bottom sediments of the eutrophic lakes of the North Kazakhstan region are distinguished by the presence of sapropel, which can be used in agriculture. To create an effective technology for processing sapropels, it is necessary to know the features of their chemical composition, which ultimately affects the indicators of the sowing qualities of crop seeds. Based on the study of the chemical composition of the bottom sediments of three eutrophic lakes, a raw source for the production of sapropel with optimal organic and mineral composition is identified in this article. A method for processing bottom sediments is proposed. The resulting sapropel product is used for pre-sowing treatment of vegetable seeds. The results of chemical analysis of organomineral bottom sediments of three eutrophic lakes of the Kyzylzhar district of the North Kazakhstan region showed that the bottom sediments of Lake Penkovskoye are characterized by an increased content of organic matter, humus and mineral composition necessary for plant growth and development. The possibility of separating sapropelic product from bottom sediments of eutrophic lakes is shown. Laboratory tests conducted on the variable use of sapropel product, beet seeds of the Bordeaux 237 variety for germination and germination energy showed that the content of 1.6 g /dm³ in sapropel solution is sufficient to increase the germination energy of vegetable seeds by 2 times, and germination by more than 50%.

For the first time, the possibility of replacing carbon black and stearic acid with waste from the fat and oil industry (diatomite, bleached clay) is investigated. The value of the conditional tensile strength for vulcanizates containing stearic acid is 8,26 MPa, and for the studied vulcanizates containing selected clay, it is in the range of 7,88-8,39 MPa, for those containing diatomite is 7,88-8,43 MPa. The elongation at break for the studied vulcanizates containing selected clay increases from 280% to 300%, for those containing diatomite is from 280 to 297%. A hardness according Shore is found for the studied ones containing selected clay and diatomite in the range of 64-71 conv.units, for the reference rubber of 63 conv.units.
The conducted studies show that the conditional strength and tear resistance decrease when carbon black is replaced with selected clay, as well as diatomite, but the indicators remain within the permissible limits for this rubber. The main role in enhancing the regenerate is played by caoutchouc. Therefore, carbon black and stearic acid can be replaced with less active, but cheaper and environmentally friendly ingredients. Extended physico-mechanical tests of experimental rubbers led to the conclusion that is most expedient to use waste from the fat-and-oil industry in the formulation of rubber mixtures for the manufacture of under-rail laying of railway tracks, since when using waste from the fat-and-oil industry, the properties of rubbers practically do not change, comply with control standards.

Iron-arsenic alloy is a waste-form of a novel gold recovery technology from gold-arsenicbearing concentrates. This study investigates toxicity and solubility of Fe-As alloy in aqueous solutions. Results of the TCLP-like test, to evaluate the potential toxicity of a solid Fe-As alloy, suggest that the alloy is not stable in acidic conditions (pH 2.88), and releases As in concentrations exceeding the TC threshold level by more than four times. Calcium arsenate dust toxicity has been also evaluated for comparison. It was found to release 40 times more As than iron-arsenic alloy. Concentrations of As in the SPLP-like test leachates were well within the regulatory limit, thus demonstrating the relative stability of the Fe-As alloy in normal meteoric waters (pH 5). Long-term leaching tests in the environmentally-relevant pH range of 5 to 9 at 22°С demonstrate that FeAs alloy is very susceptible to acidic pH conditions. Arsenic solubilization was high under acidic conditions (at pH5 and pH6), which suggests that in the long term it can be mobilized within the environment if exposed to meteoric waters, and certainly to acid rain. However, at the neutral and alkaline pH conditions typical of monofills it appears to be stable over the long term.

In the last fifty years, the process of metallization of polymers has become widespread in technology. Metallization of polymers involves obtaining a new functional material that hides polymer defects under a metal layer. Having improved a number of disadvantages of the polymer, a new material was obtained with other features not characteristic of polymer and metal. Thanks to their new properties, metallized polymers are used in many areas (automotive, energy, electronics, marine, aviation, space, etc. in everyday life).
This article studies photochemical processes in thin sorption films of solutions of compounds of elements of the copper subgroup, leading to the formation of dispersed metal particles of polymers. It has been shown that dispersed particles of elemental gold are formed in polymers placed in an AuCl₃ solution and exposed to sunlight. In this case, there is no need to use any chemical reducing agent. Silver and copper mono connections are formed, respectively, under the influence of sunlight in polymers wetted with solutions of AgNO₃, CuBr₂. These processes occur with the participation of the last polymer molecules and do not require chemical oxidizing agents. In addition, it was discovered that copper halides can be converted into elemental copper particles by a photochemical reaction in the presence of ascorbic acid. Examples of metallization of polymers using photochemical activation by sunlight are given.

The article presents the results of physico-chemical and thermodynamic studies of the use of petroleum coke obtained from oil refining waste for use in agglomeration of phosphate raw materials as fuel.
Using the method of thin-layer chromatography and IR spectroscopy, groups of organic compounds in the composition of heavy waste used for slow coking of petroleum coke were determined. The obtained results of the analysis of heavy oil waste showed a high content of strong aromatic groups 35.1-54.1%, resin groups 12.0-25.7%, paraffin groups 3.0-41.4%. All these indicators indicate the suitability of heavy oil waste for the production of petroleum coke.
The element composition and microstructure of the resulting petroleum coke, which contains C-78.56%, Te-4.05%, Al-12.14%, Si-1.18%, were identified using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6490LV.
The results of thermodynamic studies of reactions characteristic of agglomeration firing of a working mixture of phosphorite-phosphate-siliceous shale - neftekox composition are presented, performed using the HSC-5.1 Chemistry software package developed by Outokumpu Research Oy. The results of calculating the Gibbs energy change from the temperature of decarbonization reactions indicate the thermodynamic probability of all studied reactions occurring in the high-temperature region. Moreover, the probability of 5.6 reactions is possible only above 1200K. Thermodynamic modeling of decarbonization of the working systems СаСО_з – С – С₆Н₆ –О₂ и СаСО₃ – С – С₆Н₅О – О₂ were performed in the temperature range 500-1500 K and pressures 0.1-0.01MPa, typical for the agglomeration process using the Astra-4 software package.
The results of graphical dependences of the equilibrium distribution of the main components of calcium and carbon depending on temperature and pressure are of the same type. Moreover, as the pressure decreases, the possibility of formation of CaO and CO₂ per 100 K moves to a low-temperature region.

The annual increase in waste recycling by non-ferrous metal producers is steadily growing. These waste materials often contain various harmful heavy metal impurities, which pose significant environmental risks. This study examined the laboratory-scale extraction of zinc and copper, along with additional lead and cadmium, from the residue of zinc smelting using a hydrometallurgical method. The leaching technique was considered for extracting metals from the residue. Parameters such as the solution's concentration, temperature, and the solid/liquid ratio were examined to assess the efficiency of the leaching method. An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) was used as the leaching agent. Optimal conditions identified for this process were a temperature of 80°C, a 5M NH₄Cl solution, a leaching duration of 2 hours, and a liquid/solid ratio of 1:25. These parameters confirmed the high selectivity of the leaching agent and demonstrated maximum efficiency. In practice, the obtained solution yielded maximum Zn and Cu recoveries of 93.2% and 67%, respectively. Additionally, the yields for Pb and Cd were 80% and 55%. These results underline the importance of optimizing the concentration of ammonium chloride and leaching parameters to improve the simultaneous extraction efficiency of different metals. The high selectivity and efficiency of ammonium chloride enhance its potential in metal recovery and reduce the environmental impact, opening new possibilities for developing waste recycling methods.

Cigars are a pure natural tobacco product, with an increasing market share in the Chinese economy. At present, compared with high-quality cigars from abroad, there is still significant room for improvement in the raw materials of Chinese cigars. High quality cigar tobacco leaves need to go through multiple steps such as cultivation, preparation, fermentation, aging, rolling, and maintenance. Among them, fermentation is the main link that affects the improvement of cigar tobacco quality. Therefore, improving fermentation quality and efficiency has increasingly become a focus of research in the field of cigar tobacco. Multiple studies have shown that adding exogenous additives plays an important role in promoting the fermentation of cigar tobacco leaves, which can effectively improve the quality and usability of cigar tobacco leaves. This article reviews the research progress on the effects of adding different types of exogenous additives on cigar fermentation, and looks forward to the research direction and importance of exogenous additives.

In this experimental study, a strain producing xylanase extracted from tobacco leaf was developed. Through the basic strain screening method and xylanase activity determination, strain M416 with the highest enzyme activity was preliminarily identified and M416 was A. niger, the enzyme has biological safety and can be used in the fermentation process of flue-cured tobacco. The fermentation conditions were optimized by shaking the flask culture, in which the best formulation of xylanase production from A. niger and the optimal culture temperature, pH, inoculum amount and culture time were obtained. Under the optimal fermentation and aroma production conditions, the strain are evenly sprayed to the surface of tobacco leaf to determine the changes of the composition and content of aroma substances in the fermentation process, and evaluate the influence of xylanase producing niger on the aroma composition in the process of tobacco leaf fermentation, which shows that the strain can effectively increase the content of aroma substances.