Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences
Scientific journal "BULLETIN OF SHAKARIM UNIVERSITY. TECHNICAL SCIENCES" in the areas of "Chemical Technology", "Food Engineering and Biotechnology" (Order No. 978 of 11/28/2023), "Automation and information technology" (Order No. 293 of 02/28/2025) and "Technical physics and Thermal power engineering" (Order No. 895 of 05/06/2025) was included in the list of publications recommended by the CQASHE of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the publication of the main results of scientific activity
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN GAS DETECTION SENSORS
The hydrogen gas sensor plays an important role in ensuring the safety of various industries that are heavily dependent on high-pressure hydrogen gas. A new type of hydrogen sensors, solid electrolyte, metal oxide semiconductor and other types are described. The gas sensor for hydrogen has the characteristics of the target gas (chemically active, good thermal conductivity, low viscosity, etc.), so it is also a sensor with the most detection principle compared to other combustible gases. Therefore, there are many other sensors at the level of practical application or in development. Experiments are currently underway on high-pressure hydrogen gas leaks and large amounts of hydrogen gas leaks, and some of them are obvious to the general public. There are several methods for detecting hydrogen gas, but it is not possible to use the infrared method, which has made significant technological advances in recent years, because hydrogen is considered a monoatomic gas, unlike methane. There are three types of hydrogen sensors included in practical use for safety reasons: they are catalytic combustion, semiconductor type and gas thermal conductor type. There are several types of semiconductor sensors, but here we will analyze hot-wire semiconductor sensors. In particular, it is characteristic of a high reaction with a wide concentration range and the like.
INTEGRATION OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR MONITORING PATIENT HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
The article examines prospects for integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and machine learning (ML) algorithms to create an intelligent air-quality monitoring system. It additionally describes a patient physiological-monitoring module – covering heart rate (HR), HRV metrics (SDNN, RMSSD, LF/HF), respiratory rate, SpO₂, and blood pressure (BP) – integrated into a unified IoT architecture and data-analysis pipeline. A prototype is presented with streaming aggregation of medical and environmental signals, early-warning rules, and a scenario for jointly interpreting air parameters and patient status. The focus is on IoT sensors, real-time data processing methods, and air-pollution forecasting using hybrid ML models, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machines, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. The importance of improving sensor sensitivity and reliability through nanomaterials such as polyaniline, graphene, and carbon nanotubes is emphasized. The article highlights data protection, energy efficiency, and the resilience of scalable IoT systems, as well as their role in reducing environmental risks and supporting the «smart city» concept. It considers pathways for integrating such systems into urban infrastructure, including solutions for automated data analysis and visualization. The article also discusses prospects for deploying intelligent monitoring systems in industrial and residential infrastructure to enhance environmental oversight. Particular attention is paid to developing forecasting models that account for seasonal and climatic variations affecting pollution levels. An interdisciplinary approach that combines advances in IoT, nanotechnology, and ML is underscored as essential for addressing sustainable urban development challenges. The presented results demonstrate high effectiveness and practical applicability for controlling air pollution, improving public health, protecting the environment, and promoting sustainable urban development.
MODIFICATION OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT STREAM CIPHER ALGORITHM CHACHA20
Providing secure and high-speed data transmission for low-orbit aircraft (LOA) is a priority in today's world. The objective of this study is to modify existing encryption methods for LOA to overcome the disadvantages in speed and vulnerability to emerging cyber-attacks, including quantum ones. The main idea is to develop a hybrid approach combining an optimized lightweight stream cipher ChaCha20 with a quantum key distribution protocol BB84. This will provide high encryption speed and information-theoretic key exchange security, which is invulnerable to quantum attacks. The research methodology includes the analysis of existing cryptographic solutions, performance modeling of the proposed hybrid algorithm, and the integration of machine learning-based anomaly detection mechanisms (LSTM) to improve the robustness of the system. The main results show that the proposed method significantly improves throughput, reduces latency and power consumption compared to traditional approaches, while providing resilience to current and future threats. The value of the work lies in contributing to the development of post-quantum cryptography for the aerospace industry and creating a basis for the development of more secure and efficient NOLA communication systems, which has direct practical implications for environmental monitoring, precision agriculture and national security.
ANALYSIS OF MODERN METHODS FOR PRODUCING INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR CREATION OF A CRYPTOCONTROLLER IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
The article explores modern integrated circuit production methods with the aim of creating a crypto controller in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper analyzes global trends in the semiconductor industry, technological features and economic aspects of integrated circuit production, and also identifies directions for the development of the semiconductor industry in Kazakhstan for the development of security hardware. The research methodology includes an analysis of modern integrated circuit design and manufacturing methods, based on a comparison of various technological processes, plans, and projects implemented in countries with mature, intermediate, and leading-edge integration and productivity capabilities. Research results show that for the Republic of Kazakhstan, which lacks its own integrated circuit production base, the optimal approach is to develop a fabless model with design within the country and production at third-party foundries. This doesn't require significant investment compared to building national production capacity in mature nodes. The paper proposes a phased approach to creating a domestic crypto controller, starting with prototyping on programmable logic and subsequently transferring the architecture to a specialized integrated circuit. The practical value of the work lies in the identification of optimal opportunities for organizing the production of semiconductor microchips in Kazakhstan and developing a domestic crypto controller at a level ready for industrial production.
MODELING THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES USING MATLAB PDE TOOLBOX FOR CREATING DIGITAL TWINS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
The article discusses an approach to modeling thermodynamic processes in food industry production systems using MATLAB PDE Toolbox. The main goal of the research is to create digital twins that allow simulating thermal processes and optimizing production operations. The work focuses on the application of heat equations taking into account the Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions, which ensures the accuracy and reliability of modeling. The results of computational experiments demonstrating dynamic changes in temperature fields in 2D space are presented. The main attention is paid to the influence of physical parameters such as thermal conductivity, density and specific heat capacity on temperature distribution. The obtained data can be used to improve energy efficiency and quality of production processes in the food industry. As a result of the research, a model describing temperature fields was developed in the MATLAB PDE Toolbox. The developed model serves as a basis for further research in the field of digital twins and integration with industrial modeling tools such as SIEMENS NX, as well as PML platforms. During this study, various heat transfer coefficients and boundary conditions were tested, which made it possible to determine the optimal model parameters. The final result, presented at the end of the article, demonstrates a smooth and correct distribution of thermodynamic processes, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In the future, this approach can be used to create more complex virtual production systems that allow not only to analyze thermal processes, but also to develop intelligent heat treatment control systems, improving the adaptability and efficiency of technological processes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ANALYZING CYBERSECURITY RISKS USING THE EXAMPLE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES OF A TRANSPORT COMPANY
This study describes a comprehensive methodology for analyzing cybersecurity risks in critical information systems of a transport company, with an emphasis on Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, transport management platforms, and ticketing solutions. The proposed risk assessment approach complies with international standards and recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The framework uses a multi-step process including asset identification, multi-criteria system criticality assessment, determination of system vulnerabilities, threat impact, threat likelihood assessment, risk assessment, countermeasure identification, and residual risk assessment. A case study involving a transportation operator demonstrates the effectiveness of the method by showing that SCADA systems, despite having a moderate attack probability, exhibit high risk levels due to severe operational impacts, while ticketing systems present lower risks but still require measures, such as monitoring, protection, and control. The results highlight the model’s ability to more accurately prioritize mitigation efforts than traditional methods by capturing subtle interactions between threat likelihood and impact. This approach not only addresses current infrastructure challenges but also adapts to emerging threats, making it a scalable solution for protecting critical systems.
NUMERICAL CALCULATION ALGORITHM FOR EFFECTIVE RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN AN OPEN ECONOMIC SYSTEM
One of the pressing issues in the field of economic process automation is the complexity of finding an analytical solution to optimal control problems in nonlinear economic models. This is due to complex interdependencies between variables, constraints on resource allocation, and external influences. In such conditions, traditional analytical methods become ineffective, requiring the application of numerical algorithms. This paper presents a numerical algorithm for optimal resource allocation in an open economic system. The method is based on the use of Lagrange multipliers and the golden section method to determine the stationary state of the system under labor and investment resource constraints. The proposed approach automates computational processes and ensures high calculation accuracy. The mathematical package Maple was used to implement the algorithm. The paper discusses the features of the algorithm’s software implementation and provides numerical experiments demonstrating its stability and accuracy. The developed algorithm can be applied in resource management information systems, automated planning, and decision-making systems in enterprises. It enables modeling of economic processes and forecasting optimal resource allocation trajectories considering external factors. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the approach for automation and information technologies in economic analysis and management.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEURAL NETWORK MODELS ON PREDICTING STOCK PRICES
Due to their complex and unpredictable nature, stock market movements were always challenging to predict. Factors like economic indicators, market sentiment, and political and global events significantly contribute to stock price unpredictability. There are different methods to analyze risks, returns, and average price movements, based on which investors make assumptions. Identifying patterns and making the right decision on large amounts of data is very difficult, but nowadays, with the advancement of neural networks, we can solve prediction problems by identifying patterns of high-dimensional sequential data. We will analyze and compare five neural network architectures, including Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), to try to predict stock prices using historical data taken from Yahoo Finance API, which is widely used and reliable for financial data analysis. We will separate historical data into two parts, 80% of which will be trained and 20% will be tested. For each model, we will use different hyperparameters we selected as the most effective training. Popular Python libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, and NumPy are used for efficient implementation. Additionally, we used preprocessing for data, such as data cleaning and normalization, to avoid errors and enhance model performance. The models are evaluated based on prediction accuracy using metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R²). Additionally, we use classification metrics such as the confusion matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic - Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) to analyze each model’s performance in predicting price movement directions. We concluded that the GRU model achieves the highest accuracy and reliability in our analysis, with notable performance in classification metrics. Conversely, the simple ANN model shows the worst results, highlighting the variability in predictive capabilities across different neural network architectures.
APPLICATION OF A DIGITAL TWIN FOR OPTIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN SLM 3D PRINTER
This paper presents the development and experimental validation of a digital twin for a selective laser melting (SLM) system designed for operation under constrained technical conditions. The proposed design includes a custom-built powder feeding and leveling mechanism, along with a telemetry module enabling realtime acquisition and analysis of thermal data. The digital twin is implemented as an integrated model that combines thermomechanical analysis, G-code execution, and corrective control of printing parameters. The mathematical foundation is based on the transient heat conduction equation with a volumetric heat source and a Gaussian distribution of laser power density. An experimental setup employing pyrometers and thermocouples in the melt zone was used to validate the model. The comparison of simulated and measured data showed a mean absolute error of less than 2.5 °C. The application of the digital twin resulted in a 12–15% reduction in residual stresses, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The developed system demonstrates high efficiency in predictive quality control and can be integrated into adaptive control loops. The approach aligns with the Industry 4.0 concept, offering increased stability, repeatability, and reliability in SLM processes
BLOCKCHAIN-ENABLED VOTE VALIDATION THROUGH A CRYPTOGRAPHIC AND SYSTEM-LEVEL APPROACH TO SECURE ELECTIONS
This paper presents a secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant web-based voting application. Designed specifically for university-level elections, the system leverages a private blockchain network to ensure the integrity and immutability of each vote. Built using a modern technology stack – TypeScript and React on the frontend, Axios for communication, and a Fastify-based Node.js backend with a MySQL database - the platform prioritizes both usability and security. The voting process is authenticated and validated through cryptographic hashing and blockchain consensus, preventing unauthorized alterations or vote duplication. Each vote is recorded as a transaction on a private blockchain, where nodes verify its legitimacy before it becomes part of the permanent ledger. This system-level integration of blockchain offers auditability, transparency, and trust, eliminating the need for manual verification and reducing the risk of election fraud. The solution is tailored for institutional adoption, ensuring that only authenticated university users can participate. Through this approach, the project demonstrates how blockchain technologies can be practically applied to enhance the credibility and efficiency of digital democratic processes.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODELS BASED ON GPT AND ITS OWN CREATED NEURAL NETWORK IN THE PROBLEM OF OBJECT DETECTION
In recent years, the use of neural networks has expanded significantly through the development of models such as Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) and various variations of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for various machine vision tasks. One of the key tasks in this area is the detection of objects in images. This article presents a comparative analysis of GPT-based models, pre-trained models and created artificial neural networks in the context of object detection. Object detection is a key task in computer vision, and applications cover various fields such as autonomous driving, surveillance, and medical imaging. The study begins by outlining the basics of object detection and the importance of choosing the right model for effective implementation. The advantages of their extensive pre-training are juxtaposed with the challenges associated with high computing requirements and limited customization.
REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES IN ASSESSING SOIL MOISTURE IN FLOOD-PRONE AREAS: REVIEW
Soil moisture plays a key role in the formation of surface runoff and floods, especially in conditions of spring snowmelt and extreme precipitation. The relevance of soil moisture monitoring is increasing for areas with high flood risk, such as the East Kazakhstan region. This article provides an overview of modern remote sensing (remote sensing) methods used to assess soil moisture in order to predict floods. Global and regional studies demonstrating the effectiveness of integrating satellite data (SMAP, Sentinel-1/2, SMOS, etc.) into hydrological models are considered. A comparative analysis of ground-based and remote methods of measuring soil moisture is carried out, approaches using radiometers, radars, multispectral sensors, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are described. Special attention is paid to data processing algorithms, including spectral indexes, machine learning methods, and neural network models. The capabilities of the software (Google Earth Engine, SNAP, ArcGIS, QGIS) in mapping and monitoring tasks are analyzed. The review highlights the potential of remote sensing in improving the accuracy of early flood warnings and laying the foundations for sustainable water risk management.
SCALING PHYSICS TEST ITEMS FOR COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE TESTING BASED ON THE RASCH MODEL
Adaptive testing is one of the most effective approaches to digital knowledge assessment, providing personalization through the automated selection of test items tailored to the examinee’s proficiency level. The key components of such testing include: a bank of scaled test items, an adaptation algorithm, and specialized software. Developing a high-quality item bank requires preliminary psychometric analysis to evaluate their suitability for use in adaptive systems. This article presents an empirical analysis of a set of physics test items using the Rasch model. The study involved piloting the items on a representative sample of students, followed by scaling using the Winsteps software. For each item, difficulty parameters, model-fit indices, and correlation characteristics were determined. Items that did not meet the requirements of adaptive testing were identified and excluded from the final bank. As a result, a set of items with stable statistical properties was formed, suitable for further use in computerized adaptive knowledge assessment systems. The findings confirm the feasibility of integrating the developed item bank into educational information systems and digital platforms. Future publications will present real-time adaptive testing algorithms and the development of software for automated test generation based on scaled parameters. This study lays the groundwork for creating effective digital tools for assessing learning outcomes.
INTELLIGENT METHOD OF CONTINUOUS SECURITY MONITORING IN IEEE 802.15.4 NETWORKS BASED ON ADAPTIVE ANOMALY ANALYSIS
Securing IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks is one of the key challenges in the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). Given the limited computational resources of IoT devices, traditional attack detection methods based on cryptographic mechanisms and deterministic thresholds do not always provide a sufficient level of protection. In this paper, we propose a novel method for adaptive network traffic monitoring that combines a modified Z-score with sample size consideration and an adaptive Bayesian classifier with dynamic attack probability adjustment. Experimental testing on data generated in an NS-3 environment shows that the proposed method outperforms traditional approaches in terms of attack detection accuracy, reducing the false positive rate from 10.9% to 3.8%. The hybrid model provides 94.7% classification accuracy and 91.8% attack detection completeness, which is 6.3% higher than the standard Bayesian classifier. The obtained results demonstrate the promising use of the proposed method in real-time systems for monitoring the security of IoT networks. The developed approach allows adapting to the changing network environment, reducing the influence of random fluctuations, which makes it an effective solution for protecting low-power networks.
MODELING OF AN ADAPTIVE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
The rapid transition to digital education has revealed the fundamental limitations of linear, «conveyor belt» platforms that offer identical content to all learners. Such systems are unable to take into account individual differences in initial training levels, cognitive styles, learning speeds, and content format preferences, which reduces the overall effectiveness of learning. This article addresses this problem by developing and describing a formalized mathematical model of an adaptive educational system. The proposed approach is based on a vector representation of both the learner and the learning materials in a single multidimensional feature space. The central element of the model is an interpretable utility function (U), which evaluates and selects the optimal next learning module for a specific student in real time. The function finds a balance between several pedagogically significant criteria: potential knowledge gain (G), cognitive load (E), and format compliance (M). A key feature is the built-in machine learning mechanism (online learning), which iteratively updates the learner's knowledge vector based on their results, allowing the system to continuously adapt. To validate the model, a numerical experiment was conducted, which confirmed that the system is capable of making non-trivial choices, finding the optimal balance between all factors, and correctly tracking the learner's progress. Thus, the proposed model represents a transparent and flexible framework for creating a new generation of intelligent learning systems capable of building truly personalized and effective educational trajectories.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF WATER BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
This paper deals with the automation of biological water treatment system using fuzzy logic. The main objective of the work is to develop a fuzzy controller capable of adapting to the changing conditions of the purification process. The implementation of fuzzy logic can improve the control efficiency by considering many factors affecting the purification process. The paper proposes fuzzy control rules for optimising the operation of pumps, aeration systems and reagent supply, as well as methods for their implementation. Methodology: The methodology includes analysis of existing cleaning methods, development of a fuzzy control system, its modelling and experimental validation. First, current technologies and their potential for automation are investigated. Then fuzzy control rules are developed based on expert data and mathematical models. Next, the system is modelled to verify the performance and at the end it is experimentally tested on laboratory or production units. Main results: An automated control system for biological water treatment based on fuzzy logic has been developed to adapt to changes in environmental parameters. Modelling of the system operation confirmed its ability to properly regulate the operation of pumps, aeration systems and reagent supply. Experimental studies have shown that the use of fuzzy logic helps to increase the stability of the purification process.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF HIGH-ORDER NONLINEAR SYSTEMS CONTROL VIA FEEDBACK IN PYTHON
The article describes the development of a software package entitled «Computer Simulation of HighOrder Nonlinear Systems Control via Feedback», which integrates five illustrative examples: a third-order nonlinear system, motion control of a single-link robotic manipulator, a PID controller for a nonlinear system, output regulation of uncertain time-varying nonlinear systems, and global feedback control of high-order timedelayed time-varying nonlinear systems. The results of the examples are obtained through computer simulation, with Python version 3.12.1 chosen as the primary programming language due to its proven effectiveness as a tool for demonstrating and validating system performance. The paper highlights the applicability of Python libraries and modules, emphasizing that Python remains one of the most suitable programming languages for scientific computing, data science, and machine learning. It enhances efficiency and performance by combining low-level libraries with clear high-level APIs. The developed software package ensures the stability of high-order time-varying nonlinear systems, thereby contributing to the stability, efficiency, and control quality of real engineering systems. It is designed for effective use in scientific research, educational processes, industrial automation, and robotics. The adaptability of the package allows users to modify example parameters according to their requirements, independently analyze the outcomes, and explore the results in detail.
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITH INTELLECTUALIZATION ELEMENTS FOR MANAGING THE PETROLEUM COKE PRODUCTION PROCES
In this study, a decision support system with intellectualization elements was created to control the petroleum coke production process based on the developed models of the main units of the delayed coking unit (УЗК) taking into account fuzzy information from experts. A description of the main interfaces of the created intelligent decision support system (IDSS) is given, with the help of which the user of the system models various operating modes of the main УЗК units, optimizes their parameters and effectively controls the coke production process. Using the created IDSS, the user can control the coke production process according to various criteria depending on the demand for volume and requirements for coke quality. Using the IDSS, the user of the system can maximize the volumes of coke produced with the required quality indicators or provide the required volume of coke with the best quality indicators. Unlike other systems based on known deterministic УЗК models, the created IDSS allows more adequate modeling, effective optimization and control of УЗК operating modes. Based on the comparison of the simulation results for optimizing the УЗК operating modes using the created ISPR, known systems of deterministic simulation and optimization, the advantages of the created system in comparison with known similar systems were established.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AN ORNAMENT CUTTING MACHINE BASED ON MECHATRONICS
The article explores the connection between the theoretical foundations of mechatronics and modern scientific and technological trends, as well as the practical application of acquired knowledge. The main goal of mechatronics as a scientific and technical discipline is the development of new functional modules and systems capable of executing motion functions in intelligent machines. As part of the conducted research, a specialized mechatronic systemөa high-precision, adaptive, and intelligent control-enabled machine for ornament cutting – was developed and implemented. The device is designed to perform functional movements while meeting the demands for flexibility and miniaturization. The methodological basis of the project incorporates principles of automatic control, computer science, mechanics, and microelectronics. The proposed machine serves as a practical realization of the robotic “triad”: sensor – controller – actuator, and stands as an example of interdisciplinary integration in modern mechatronic systems. This development is distinguished by a high degree of versatility and can be adapted to various technological tasks, including the creation of decorative elements, processing of complex contours, and production of personalized items. It confirms the relevance of applying mechatronics in small-scale and customized manufacturing, especially under the conditions of digital transformation of industrial processes. Moreover, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating academic research with engineering practice.
IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF 20GL STEEL BY ELECTROLYTIC PLASMA HARDENING
The article studies the effect of electrolytic plasma hardening (EPH) on the properties of 20GL steel. The work is aimed at solving an important problem for mechanical engineering and construction industries - increasing the service life of parts made of 20GL cast steel through the use of a highly efficient and relatively new method of electrolytic plasma hardening. The processing modes that increase the microhardness and corrosion resistance of the material are experimentally determined. It is found that EPH promotes the formation of a fine-grained structure and oxide film, improving the surface characteristics. Comparative data on the structure and properties of samples under different EPH modes are presented. The optimal hardening mode (voltage ~300 V, holding time 8-10 s) is a rational choice for cast parts made of 20GL steel, providing a balance between achieving high hardness parameters and a relatively small increase in corrosion activity. The EPH method has shown high applicability in industry as an alternative to traditional heat treatment. The results of the study will improve the methods of heat treatment of 20GL steel, which will contribute to the improvement of the performance characteristics of materials used in mechanical engineering, transport equipment and related industries. The use of electrolytic plasma hardening can reduce the time and energy costs of steel processing and increase the efficiency of the process itself.
IMPROVEMENT OF AN ADSORPTION UNIT FOR REDUCING TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN MILK: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article presents an improved adsorption-based unit designed to reduce the content of radionuclides and heavy metal salts in milk. The objective of the study is to develop an effective purification technology that ensures the safe consumption of milk. Milk is a valuable food product with high biological and nutritional value. It contains proteins, fats, vitamins, and microelements essential for the human body and constitutes an important part of the daily diet. However, under conditions of environmental instability and technogenic pollution, dairy products may accumulate toxic substances such as radionuclides and heavy metal salts, which pose a threat to human health. Therefore, the development of effective methods for removing harmful contaminants from milk remains a relevant challenge. The study proposes an improvement of an experimental adsorption-based unit aimed at reducing the concentration of toxic substances in milk. The unit design enables the adjustment of liquid flow schemes in various combinations (through one, two, or three columns), allowing the purification process to be tailored according to the degree of contamination and the nature of toxic components. The adsorption method ensures the removal of harmful substances without degrading valuable nutritional components such as proteins, vitamins, and microelements. The unit does not require complex automation and is suitable for use under laboratory conditions. The application of affordable and low-cost natural sorbents contributes to lowering the overall purification cost.
PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE FORMATION OF A STRENGTHENED STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURAL STEELS DURING ELECTROLYTIC-PLASMA HARDENING
This article presents the results of a comprehensive study on the effect of electrolytic-plasma hardening (EPH) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of structural steel grade St4. This steel is widely used in heavy engineering and railway transport, where components operate under conditions of severe wear and variable loads, which highlights the relevance of developing effective strengthening methods. The experiments were carried out on specimens cut from a railway wheel rim, which makes the obtained results practically significant. The treatment was performed in an electrolyte consisting of 10% urea + 20% sodium carbonate + 70% water. The EPH regime included a voltage of 280 V, a current of 40 A, and a treatment duration of 9 seconds. This regime provided rapid heating of the surface layer to the austenitic state followed by instantaneous quenching in the electrolyte. Investigations carried out using scanning electron microscopy and metallographic analysis revealed that after EPH, the surface layer with a thickness of 1.0–1.5 mm consisted of a characteristic needle-shaped martensitic structure. Microhardness measurements confirmed a significant strengthening effect: the hardness increased fourfold from 200 HV to 800 HV. The substantial increase in hardness was accompanied by improved wear resistance and crack resistance, while maintaining the plastic properties of the material core. The obtained results demonstrate the high efficiency of EPH as an environmentally friendly and energy-saving local heat treatment method, which can be recommended to enhance the operational reliability and service life of critical components made of St4 structural steel.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AT SHAKAR UNIVERSITY: MODERN TRENDS
The article discusses the main scientific directions and results of research in the field of mechanical engineering conducted at Shakarim University in Semey. The publications in the series "Engineering Sciences" of the Shakarim University Bulletin are analyzed, reflecting the evolution of topics - from material hardening technologies to the design of specialized equipment and the implementation of intelligent systems. It is shown that university scientists have achieved significant success in increasing the wear resistance and durability of materials, developing small-sized special equipment for agriculture and construction, as well as in integrating modern digital approaches (IoT, automation) into traditional engineering tasks. Special attention is paid to the forms of scientific collaboration: internal interaction of departments and research centers of the university, participation of students, as well as partnership with industry and foreign universities. The most innovative works that demonstrated significant improvement in the properties of materials and the effectiveness of the developed engineering solutions are emphasized.
IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF PREPARING LACTIC ACID DRINKS USING TRADITIONAL AND ACIDOPHILIC STARTERS
Currently, due to changes in the lifestyle of people and the impact of the environment on the body, the requirements for the diet are also changing. To this end, expanding the range of lactic acid products based on the use of mixed dairy products, the development of high-quality products is an important direction in the development of the food industry. The proposed article is devoted to the preparation of a lactic acid drink based on various ratios of mare and cow's milk. The study revealed the effect of mare's milk and cow's milk and various starters (traditional and acidophilic) on the fermentation process, physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic indicators of the products. As a result of the experiment, the results of various types of lactic acid drinks (mare's milk – 100%, cow's milk – 100%, as well as in the ratio of 70:30, 50:50, 30:70) were made and analyzed. According to the results of the studies, fermented milk products prepared from acidophilic starter and added in a ratio of 50% mare's and cow's milk showed the best results in organoleptic, microbiological and physicochemical indicators. It was also proved that a fermented milk drink made from mixed milk has high safety and nutritional value, all indicators meet the requirements and it is recommended to use this product as a recommended product for the purpose of functional nutrition. A functional drink is very useful for the body and contributes to the regulation of the body.
INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BEEF, HORSE AND LAMB OFFAL PASTES
The article presents a study of the influence of the ratio of different types of by-products (heart, liver, rumen) on the physicochemical properties of by-product paste made from beef, lamb and horse by-products. The aim of the work was to determine the patterns of pH, water activity (aw) and water-binding capacity (WBC) changes depending on the proportion of each type of by-product. The by-product paste was prepared by twostage grinding and pre-treatment of the rumen. Four formulations with different proportions of heart, liver and rumen were developed. In beef by-product paste, increasing the proportion of rumen led to a decrease in pH to 4.65 and an increase in WBC to 60.4%, whereas in lamb paste pH varied only within a narrow range from 6.23 to 6.36 and in horse paste from 5.28 to 5.65. The highest values of water activity were recorded in beef by-product paste, aw reached 0.9904 in variants 3 and 4, whereas the minimum values were observed in mutton by-product paste, aw decreased to 0.9576 in variant 2. Horse by-product paste was characterized by intermediate values of aw in the range of 0.9838-0.9857. Thus, variant 4 is optimal for beef by-product paste, variant 2 for lamb paste, and variant 3 for horse by-product paste. The results demonstrate the prospects of controlling the technological performance of by-products by optimizing the composition. This approach helps to expand the range of functional products and reduce food waste.
THE RESEARCH OF THE QUALITY OF MILLET AND OAT
Currently, there is a growing public demand for whole grains, driven by increasing awareness of their health benefits. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that whole grains possess superior nutritional value compared to highly processed cereal products. Disruptions in gastrointestinal water balance, elevated blood cholesterol levels, and the accumulation of toxins and heavy metals have detrimental effects on the human body and contribute to the onset of various diseases. In contrast, regular consumption of whole grains has been shown to improve blood circulation, support cardiovascular function, and help maintain a balanced intestinal microbiota, thereby promoting overall health. Among various cereal grains, millet and oats stand out as particularly suitable for daily gluten-free diets. These grains are especially rich in B-group vitamins and dietary fiber, making them valuable components of a balanced nutritional regimen. In this context, the present study investigates the potential use of whole millet and oat grains as functional ingredients in the formulation of fermented beverages, with particular emphasis on their bioactive compounds and enhanced nutritional profile. Despite their known health benefits, whole grains also contain phytic acid, which can inhibit the absorption of essential macro- and micronutrients. To mitigate this effect, the grains were soaked in water for six hours – a process shown to effectively reduce phytic acid levels. Following this treatment, two drying methods were applied: convective drying at 38°C using a Sedona dehydrator, and pan-toasting in a WOK at heat levels 6 to 8. The processed raw materials were subsequently analyzed for their sensory attributes, B-vitamin content, dietary fiber levels, and concentrations of water-soluble antioxidants. The results indicated that the overall nutritional quality of both millet and oat grains was maintained under both drying conditions, with the exception of vitamin B3, which showed a decline in oats subjected to pan-toasting.
APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL BIOPRODUCTS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN IN THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE NUTRITION
This article examines the issue of creating functional food products, in particular boiled sausages enriched with iodine, and increasing their nutritional value within the framework of the National Project for the Development of the Agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021-2025. During the research, the chemical, amino acid and energy composition of the products were analyzed, as well as their functional and technological properties were studied. The results of the experiment showed that the first version of the formulation surpasses the others in terms of protein, calcium and iodine content. In addition, the article discusses the technological foundations of the use of plant and animal raw materials for the production of functional biological products with a therapeutic and preventive focus. Functional food products are specially modified products that, unlike traditional products, have a positive effect on health. Their main difference lies in the presence of biologically active additives included in the formulation. Therapeutic and prophylactic products help to replenish the deficiency of biologically active substances in the body, support the immune system, help neutralize toxins and eliminate them from the body. The article suggests three main approaches to creating such products: adding special components to widespread products, adapting the formulation of standard products for functional purposes, and modeling completely new products. The results obtained during the study confirm the high nutritional and biological value of the developed sausage products. The study proves that functional foods can be effectively used to promote health, prevent diseases, and optimize the nutritional structure of the population.
OBTAINING HOUSEHOLD DETERGENTS FROM MILK WHEY
Currently, an important issue is exploring ways to utilize whey – a secondary by-product of various dairy production facilities – as a valuable product in industrial applications. For this purpose, whey extracted from cow's milk during local production of cheese and curd was used to create two types of solid soap and two types of viscous paste products, based on natural vegetable oils such as coconut and palm oil. By using solid soaps made without whey, a viscous detergent paste containing 76.4% whey was developed. The resulting products are proposed for use in various areas of household cleaning. The effectiveness of the whey-based pastes as cleaning agents was evaluated by analyzing pH levels, saponification or foaming capacity, shelf life, and organoleptic properties using a range of methods. According to the final research results, all obtained products demonstrated good quality and were found to be effective for cleaning chemically contaminated laboratory equipment as well as various greasy and dirty household surfaces.
EFFECT OF SPROUTED GREEN BUCKWHEAT ON ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF MEAT CUTLETS
This study investigates the effect of sprouted green buckwheat (SGB) on the quality attributes of meat-based semi-finished products (cutlets). The primary aim was to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating SGB into traditional formulations to enhance sensory and structural characteristics. Meat blends were prepared by replacing horse and poultry meat with varying proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of SGB. Organoleptic properties, including color, taste, consistency, flavor, and moisture, were assessed using a 5-point sensory scale. Microstructural analysis was also performed to observe distribution and integration of plant materials in the meat matrix. Results demonstrated that substitution up to 15% improved the texture and juiciness of cutlets, while 20% substitution negatively affected sensory quality. Microscopic images revealed enhanced structural uniformity with SGB inclusion. The findings support the potential of using sprouted green buckwheat as a functional plant-based ingredient to improve texture and consumer acceptability of meat cutlets without compromising quality. This study contributes to the development of low-calorie, nutritious semi-finished products with a balanced composition and functional properties.
CURRENT STATE OF MEAT MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY WHEN MATURING
This review focuses on modern research on the microbiological safety of the meat maturation process. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of various maturation methods on the level of microbial contamination, as well as on the risks associated with the development of pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of key problems is carried out, including the need for precise control of maturation conditions such as temperature, humidity and composition of the gaseous medium. Promising areas of further research have been identified, aimed at improving methods for monitoring and managing the microflora of maturing meat. Special attention is paid to the development of innovative approaches that minimize microbiological risks without compromising the organoleptic characteristics of the product. In addition, the possibilities of using modern biotechnologies and molecular genetic methods for a more accurate analysis of the microbial composition of meat at different stages of maturation are being considered. The development of these areas will not only improve product safety, but also improve its quality by optimizing microbiological processes. Thus, the review highlights the need for an integrated approach to ensuring the microbiological safety of meat products at the stage of their maturation, which contributes to improving the quality and safety of the final product. The introduction of advanced technologies and the development of new control methods will minimize the risks associated with microbiological contamination, ensuring a high level of reliability and stability of the meat maturation process.
ANALYSIS OF WASTE-FREE TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESSING CHICKEN STOMACHS FOR FOOD AND THERAPEUTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC PURPOSES
This article presents the analysis and scientific research of waste-free technology of chicken stomachs processing. Preservation and rational utilization of meat and other poultry products is the primary task of the poultry processing industry. Rational processing can be ensured only on the basis of waste-free technology - this is a complete gutting of poultry, production of poultry meat products using giblets and fat. The economic well-being of a poultry processing plant depends to a large extent on how efficiently it utilizes raw materials, main and by-products of poultry processing. It is important not only to operate without loss of raw materials and products, but also to utilize them optimally. With the use of appropriate processing technologies, unused animal body parts can be recycled into useful products and their utilization will also reduce the economic and environmental burden on the producers of these wastes. The prepared products can be widely used, for example, in the food industry, therapeutic and prophylactic, as well as in the production of feed for livestock and pets. In the course of the research the chemical and amino acid composition of poultry stomach byproducts has been studied, and the rational utilization of the inner shell of chicken stomachs for obtaining biologically active additives for food and therapeutic and prophylactic purposes has been proposed.
STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF BLACK ROWAN FRUITS AND OBTAINING EXTRACTS AND CONCENTRATES FROM THEM
The article presents the results of the study of the polyphenols, flavonoids, β-carotene content in the black rowan fruits required to maintain human health, and it is determined that the content of polyphenols in the fruits of the rowan picked in the foothills of Kainazar village of Yenbekshikazakh district is 3.77%, in the fruits picked in the foothills of Akbulak village of Talgar district is 4.07%, in the fruits picked in the foothills of Karabulak village of Talgar district is 4.4%. The content of flavonoids is respectively 2.24; 2.65; 2.71 %mg, β-carotene is 0.185; 0.203 and 0.229 mg. The content of polyphenols, flavonoids and β-carotene in fruits picked in the foothills of Karabulak village exceeds the similar indicators of black rowan fruits growing in the foothills of Kaynazar village and Akbulak village. The technological process of obtaining extracts and concentrates from the fruits of the black rowan fruits was developed. The technological process of obtaining alcoholic extract and concentrate from fruits included the following steps: preparing plant raw materials and extractant, grinding and sieving, extracting in an ultrasonic extractor, filtering, purifying, concentrating, pasteurizing and packaging. The following extraction modes of samples were proposed: ultrasonic wave frequency of 35kHz, extraction time of 45 minutes, temperature of 50°C, and concentration of obtained extracts was performed by vacuum evaporation method using IKA RV-10 apparatus at 40-50°C and pressure of 800 mbar.
ENRICHMENT OF A TRADITIONAL DAIRY PRODUCT WITH PLANT-BASED FUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES, COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF SEA BUCKTHORN AND ROSEHIP
This article explores the potential of enriching the composition of a traditional Kazakh dairy protein product – sary irimshik (curd cheese) – with plant-based bioactive additives. The relevance of the study lies in substantiating the potential of enriching traditional foods with natural plant-based ingredients to improve their nutritional and biological value. The objective of the research is to enrich sary irimshik with extracts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and rosehip (Rosa canina) to enhance its organoleptic, physicochemical, vitamin, and amino acid profiles. During the experiment, natural extracts were prepared and added to milk, followed by enzymatic coagulation, boiling, pressing, and drying processes. The resulting samples were evaluated comprehensively in terms of nutritional value, antioxidant activity, and consumer appeal. The findings revealed that the sample enriched with sea buckthorn extract showed a higher content of protein, fat, and vitamin C, along with a broader and more stable amino acid composition. The product enriched with rosehip extract exhibited a higher content of B-group vitamins and demonstrated greater antioxidant activity. Both enriched samples received high organoleptic ratings due to their dense texture, pleasant taste, and aroma. The study concludes that enriching sary irimshik with plant-based ingredients significantly enhances its nutritional and biological effectiveness. This approach is a promising direction for modernizing traditional foods and developing health-beneficial functional food products.
SCREENING OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE-PRODUCING STRAINS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FOR USE IN FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY
The article presents the results of studying the technological properties and the ability to synthesize exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria isolated from domestic traditional fermented milk products. The strains were identified using the MALDI-TOF MS and API 50CHL methods. All tested strains showed the ability to grow in milk. After 24 hours of incubation, they formed a homogeneous, dense consistency, reminiscent of yogurt, and had a pleasant aroma characteristic of fermented dairy products. It should be noted that, according to technological parameters, the strains Lactobacillus acidophilus 3.7 and Lactobacillus acidophilus 3.10 demonstrated the best results: the total number of cells was 3.6 ± 2.3 × 10⁸ and 1.8 ± 4.0 × 10⁹ CFU/ml, respectively, and the pH values were 3.6 and 3.7. It was found that of the nine cultures studied, eight strains showed positive exopolysaccharide – producing activity. These strains were selected for the subsequent assessment of probiotic properties for their use in further research. According to the results of the screening, it was shown that the Lb strain, paracasei 4.2, showed high exopolysaccharide-producing activity.
INFLUENCE OF PAPAIN FERMENT AND BIOPROTECTIVE B-SF-43 ON PH AND FATTY ACIDITY OF MEAT PRODUCTS
This article deals with the influence of plant components on the acid-alkaline balance and fatty acid composition of various meat products. Studies of pH of meat, sausages and meat semi-finished products with the addition of plant extracts have been carried out. In the study the changes of meat pH depending on storage time (1, 3, 24 and 120 hours) were determined for four experimental groups: control (K), with the addition of P (K+P), B (K+B) and B-SF-43 (K+B-SF-43). In the first 24 hours, no significant differences were observed between the groups and pH varied between 5.8 and 6.2. However, by the 120th hour, a significant increase in pH was recorded in all samples, indicating biochemical changes such as protein degradation and ammonia accumulation. The most pronounced increase in pH was observed in groups K+B and K+B-SF-43, which may be due to the application of specific additives or bacteria. The control group (K) showed the lowest pH value at all stages of the study, which may indicate a slow decomposition process. The results obtained confirm the influence of different treatments on the dynamics of meat pH and its quality during storage. Fatty acids were analysed by chromatography to reveal changes in lipid composition with the use of additives. The obtained results demonstrate the promising application of plant components to improve the nutritional value of meat products.
ENRICHMENT OF A FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGE USING ALHAGI PLANT EXTRACT
The article discusses the potential use of camel thorn (Alhagi) as a functional ingredient for beverage enrichment. Camel thorn, with its rich composition of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and minerals, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The extraction of bioactive substances using supercritical CO₂ extraction allows for the production of high-quality extracts without the use of toxic solvents. Optimizing extraction conditions enhances the bioavailability of active components. The development of functional drinks with camel thorn extract represents an innovative step in healthy nutrition and preventive medicine, offering natural and effective means to improve health. Moreover, the incorporation of camel thorn extract into beverages can enhance not only their nutritional value but also their sensory characteristics, such as taste and aroma. The presence of essential minerals, amino acids, and vitamins further contributes to its potential as a functional ingredient. Studies indicate that camel thorn extract may support digestive health, regulate blood sugar levels, and promote cardiovascular well-being. Future research should focus on optimizing formulations, ensuring stability, and evaluating longterm health benefits to fully harness its potential in the functional food industry.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY AND STRUCTURE-FORMING ABILITY OF BOVINE BLOOD PLASMA
The article is devoted to the prospects of using protein fractions of blood plasma as a source of protein in the meat processing industry. The necessity of creation of such products is caused by the current situation in the field of meat processing-insufficient production of meat products. Blood plasma contains a set of essential amino acids necessary for protein synthesis in the human body. Due to high solubility and functional characteristics, plasma proteins are easily integrated into various food matrices, improving their nutritional value and organoleptic properties. Blood plasma proteins have high biological and functional value. Functionality is characterized by such abilities as gelation, foaming, emulsification and stabilization of meat products. In this paper, the consistency and structure forming ability of blood plasma of cattle of different ages was studied. The gelling ability of blood plasma of young cattle, steers aged 1 to 3 years and 6 to 7 years and the effect of lactic acid bacteria concentration on the structuring of blood plasma of cattle were investigated. Further, the consistency obtained from the structured plasma was comparatively evaluated. The aim of this work is to comparatively evaluate the consistency and structuring ability of bovine blood plasma.
OPTIMAL PARAMETERS FOR PROCESSING BEEF USING THE ILU-10 ELECTRON ACCELERATOR AND THEIR EFFECT ON SHELF LIFE
Long-term preservation of the quality of meat and meat products is a complex task influenced by numerous factors, including physicochemical processes, microbial activity, and changes in sensory characteristics. In this regard, radiation processing is considered a promising method in the meat industry due to its ability to ensure microbiological safety. This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of using lowenergy electron irradiation. In the experimental part of the study, beef samples were irradiated using the ILU-10 accelerator, which emits nanosecond electron beams with energy less than 5 MeV. The beef samples were treated at doses of 3, 6, and 9 kGy. The results showed that a dose of 3 kGy led to a significant reduction in microbial contamination, particularly eliminating pathogenic microorganisms from the surface of the meat. The application of the optimal radiation dose prevented microbial growth throughout the storage period. Moreover, irradiation at a dose of 3 kGy did not significantly affect the integral quality indicators of the product. The findings confirm that radiation processing using an electron accelerator has the potential to extend the shelf life of food products. Thus, radiation treatment with an electron accelerator can be an effective tool for ensuring the safety of meat products and extending their shelf life.
IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE NATIONAL SOFT CHEESE MADE FROM A MIXTURE OF GOAT AND SHEEP'S MILK «KEREKU»
This article presents the results of experimental studies on the cheese suitability of sheep's milk of local and other breeds and the improvement of the technology for the production of a new type of national homemade soft cheese from a mixture of sheep and goat milk. At the first stage of research, a review of scientific, technical and patent literature on the problems of trends in the development of technology for the production of National Dairy and protein products, including national types of soft cheese, was carried out. Further, experimental studies were conducted on the suitability of milk of local and other breeds of goats and sheep for cheese. Goat milk of thе «gornoaltai» breed and sheep of the Aboriginal breed of the «Kazakh Northern Merino» were chosen as the main raw materials for the production of a new type of National soft homemade cheese «Kereku» from a mixture of goat and sheep milk. To obtain a new type of National soft homemade cheese «Kereku» from a mixture of goat and sheep milk, the process of coagulation of milk suitable for cheese using various yeasts and enzymes was studied. The clotting process was carried out at a temperature of 37-38 0C 40-60 min. The results showed that such an enzyme «lactoferm ECO yeast» Natural rennet has a very high milk clotting activity. Soy paste made from dry soy milk was also used as a functional additive for the National soft homemade cheese «Kereku» from a mixture of goat and sheep milk, and its concentration in the cheese mixture of the product was determined. In this case, samples of soft cheese with 8-10% soy paste were chosen. It was found that exceeding 10% of the amount of soy puree leads to a deterioration in organoleptic indicators, that is, an excessively pronounced taste of the soy component. The recipe and technological process for the production of a new type of National soft homemade cheese «Kereku» from a mixture of goat and sheep milk in two versions has been developed, determining the quality indicators of the finished product.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN FROM VARIOUS NATURAL SOURCES FOR USE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
In the article the authors present the results of research on the synthesis of chitosan from various sources of raw materials, their molecular weight, physicochemical characteristics, as well as studied their applications in various industries. It is shown that the use of chitosan and its derivatives in food industries as packaging materials contributes to the preservation of freshness of food products and increasing their shelf life when chitosan exhibits high antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. This is especially important for products with short shelf life, such as meat, fish, dairy products, and fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of chitosan as food additives in foods improves the quality and digestibility of products by the human body, and increases their antioxidant properties. Chitosan additives because of their antibacterial and antimicrobial activity help in lowering blood cholesterol levels, improving metabolism and are safe for human health. The ability of chitosan to bind fats in the gastrointestinal tract prevents cardiovascular diseases. Chitosan's antioxidant properties protect the body from free radicals, lower lipid levels, and maintain normal body cells.
THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC WAVES ON THE CUTTING STRESS OF MEAT RAW MATERIALS
This study investigates the effect of ultrasonic waves on the cutting stress of various types of meat raw materials: maral meat, meat trimmings, and beef tripe. The experiments were conducted using ultrasonic baths with frequencies of 35 and 60 kHz, and water and a 2% solution of ascorbic acid were used as the processing medium. The method included cutting samples of standard sizes, ultrasonic treatment for 30–300 seconds, followed by determination of cutting stress using a structurometer. The results showed that the optimal parameters of ultrasonic treatment (240 seconds at 60 kHz in an ascorbic acid solution) provided the maximum reduction in cutting stress for all types of raw materials studied, indicating a pronounced softening of the muscle fiber structure. In particular, the cutting stress of maral meat decreased to 7572 Pa compared to the initial value of 12080 Pa, and the meat trimmings and beef tripe showed a decrease of more than 1.5 times. The data obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of ultrasonic treatment in improving the technological properties of meat raw materials and open up new opportunities for intensifying meat processing.
DETERMINATION OF THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS DURING STORAGE OF ICE CREAM CONTAINING VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS AND THE DESIGN OF ITS PACKAGING
The article considers the possibility of using wild fruits and berries of spiky irga, wild cherry and red mountain ash in the production of milk dessert – ice cream. This wild-growing raw material has a number of positive properties that favorably affect both the quality characteristics of the finished product and the human body as a whole. These include: high content of pectin substances with radioprotective properties, due to which finished products can be recommended for environmentally unfavorable regions with polluted air, water and soil with harmful and dangerous substances; antibacterial properties that prevent the development of infectious diseases, suppressing the development of harmful microorganisms; a large number of vitamins that have a restorative effect on the human body. The article presents the results of studies of the effect of a plant composition from wild fruits and berries on consumer (organoleptic, physico-chemical), microbiological and rheological (degree of whipping, melting rate of ice cream) indicators of a dairy dessert – ice cream. Samples of ice cream produced using traditional technology and samples with the addition of a developed herbal composition were studied. In addition, the study paid great attention to the design of ice cream packaging. Since product packaging is the main carrier of the brand's corporate identity, which consumers interact with most often, wherever this interaction takes place, in a store or on marketplaces, they will see the packaging. The proposed packaging design is designed to distinguish the product from a huge variety of similar products, thanks to the use of branded elements, stylistics, graphic solutions, and color combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SAUSAGE PRODUCT WITH A PLANT EXTRACT FROM FERMENTED ST. JOHN'S WORT
This article discusses the technology for producing a sausage product using an aqueous plant extract of fermented St. John's wort. Extracts of medicinal plants, when added to food products, can have a number of useful properties on finished products, such as antioxidant, functional, flavoring, and act as a natural dye. Today, this is a new trend in the production of meat products. The composition of the sausage included the following components: first-grade beef, chicken fillet, skimmed milk, chicken eggs, beetroot powder, and an extract of fermented St. John's wort. Fermented St. John's wort has significant advantages over unfermented – its beneficial properties are enhanced. Several extract formulations were prepared, showing that the ratio of water to St. John's wort of 80:20 yielded higher values of vitamin B6 and flavonoid content. These indicators justify its use as an antioxidant component. The functional properties of the sausage product are given by beetroot powder, which is a source of dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins, and is also a natural dye. Standard research methods were used to analyze the chemical composition, and statistical data processing was carried out using Excel. The production technology of the experimental cooked sausage followed a traditional technological scheme. The final product was analyzed for chemical composition and physicochemical properties. The results of the study showed that the prototype had preferential values of indicators compared to the control and longer shelf life - 40 days.
STUDY OF ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE FRUIT-VEGETABLE-BERRY DESSERT «KIYOMA»
The article presents the results of a study on the organoleptic characteristics and mineral composition of the fruit-vegetable-berry dessert "Kiyoma". The aim of this study is to develop a formulation and optimal preparation technology for the functional fruit-vegetable-berry dessert "Kiyoma" based on a combination of plant-based ingredients. Promoting natural desserts made from fruits and vegetables, such as Kiyoma, may contribute to improving dietary patterns when used as a substitute for less healthy sweet products. The conducted research confirmed that the fruit-vegetable-berry desserts "Kiyoma", developed from plant raw materials, possess high consumer qualities. Organoleptic evaluation of the samples showed that all five formulated samples received high scores (in the range of 4.75), with sample No. 5 demonstrating a comparatively higher result of 5.0 points. Mineral composition analysis revealed the presence of essential macro- and microelements, including potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, aluminum, and silicon, which makes these desserts a potential source of minerals in the human diet. The inclusion of melon juice in the formulation not only reduced the total sugar content but also enhanced the functional properties of the product. It has been established that the developed technological scheme for dessert production ensures maximum preservation of bioactive plant compounds while minimizing their thermal degradation during the cooking process.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS OF STARTERS FOR BAKING PASTRY BASED ON HIGHLY ACTIVE CULTURES OF MICROORGANISMS
The article presents a review of the literature on research on the development of biological products based on highly active cultures of microorganisms for the production of bakery products. The function of microorganisms and their production methods, the fermentation process of starter cultures, the role of bacteria and yeast in fermentation are considered and evaluated, a postbiotic assessment of starter cultures is carried out, and the effect of dough heat treatment on the quality of a bakery product is studied. Research confirms the possibility of increasing the efficiency and regulating the activity of microorganisms in semi-finished bakery products, which will optimize the technological process, reduce technological costs and improve the quality and safety of bakery products. It has also been established that the postbiotic components in sourdough provide beneficial properties for human health, such as better digestibility, saturation, and antioxidant properties. The properties characterizing the stability and properties of postbiotic components after the baking process have been poorly studied in studies. We have identified the need for research based on highly active cultures of microorganisms to develop bread products with postbiotic properties beneficial to the health of the country's population. Therefore, our research will focus on creating a starter culture with a specific microbiological consortium and ingredients that has the ability to enhance nutrients and benefit human health, as well as on developing an effective method for the industrial cultivation of microorganisms for the production of bakery semi-finished products, liquid yeast and starter cultures.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BURGER PATTIES USING A PROTEIN-FAT EMULSION
During the study, a technology was developed and optimized for the production of burger patties using a 15% protein-fat emulsion based on plant and animal ingredients, which provides improved functional and nutritional properties of the product. Sodium caseinate, flaxseed flour, freeze-dried vegetables, and sunflower oil were used to prepare the emulsion, which allowed for the formation of a stable dispersed system. Chemical analysis showed an increase in protein content by 18%, carbohydrates by 267%, and ash by 23%, with a simultaneous decrease in total fat and moisture compared to the control sample. Physicochemical tests revealed a decrease in dynamic viscosity and shear stress, while the moisture-binding capacity of the minced meat increased from 67.5% to 71.3%, indicating increased water retention capacity and improved texture stability. Organoleptic analysis showed better results in terms of color, texture, and taste characteristics compared to the control sample. Microbiological control ensured product safety: no pathogenic microorganisms were detected, and the total number of microbes was significantly below acceptable standards. The developed cutlets reduce the consumption of potentially harmful saturated fatty acids, which contributes to improving the lipid profile of nutrition and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION AND ASSESSMENT OF FOOD SAFETY OF SAUSAGE PRODUCTS FROM SECONDARY MEAT RAW MATERIALS
Modern trends in the food industry are aimed at developing sustainable technologies that ensure rational use of resources and waste reduction. One of the promising areas is the use of secondary additional meat raw materials in food production. The aim of the study presented in this article is to develop a recipe for a sausage product from additional meat raw materials using offal (liver, heart, lungs), as well as to assess its food safety indicators in accordance with the requirements of sanitary legislation and the principles of sustainable food systems. The production of sausages from secondary raw materials helps to meet the nutritional needs and taste preferences of consumers, provide them with high-quality and safe products, increase the availability and sufficiency of nutritious products, and contributes to the sustainability of food systems. The use of the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys and intestines as additional raw materials can increase the nutritional and biological value of the finished product, while reducing its cost. The article analyzes the physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic indicators of the product. The results showed that the finished product has a balanced chemical composition, meets safety requirements and can be considered as a functional food product. The use of additional raw materials contributes to the efficient use of by-product meat raw materials based on waste-free technologies, ensuring food safety, reducing production waste and creating a more sustainable food system.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR ENRICHMENT OF FERMENTED MILK PRODUCTS
The article presents the results of a study of the quality and safety of medicinal plants (purple echinacea, safflower leuzea, rose hips) for use as biologically active additives (BAA) in fermented milk products. The aim of the work was to assess the content of biologically active substances (polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic substances, tannins and vitamin C) in plant materials, as well as to determine the level of radionuclides to confirm their safety. The studies were conducted using standard analytical methods. The results showed that the studied plants contain a large number of biologically active substances. The highest content of polyphenols and flavonoids was found in rose hips, and the highest content of tannins - in purple echinacea. Saponins have been found in Echinacea purpurea and Leuzea carthamoides. All samples meet regulatory requirements for radionuclides, which makes them suitable for use in the food industry. This is especially important for ecologically unfavorable regions, such as the Abay district, where environmental pollution can affect the quality of food raw materials. The obtained data confirm the great potential of using these plants to improve the functional properties and nutritional value of fermented milk products. The results of the study can be useful in developing new functional food products aimed at strengthening immunity and preventing diseases.
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF TRADITIONAL FERMENTED DAIRY PRODUCTS: SPECIES CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROSPECTS FOR LAMB FERMENTATION
The use of starter cultures with active metabolic activity during fermentation represents an effective biotechnological method for processing meat products, ensuring their safety, enhancing microbiological stability, and extending shelf life. A particularly promising approach involves the application of strains isolated from traditional fermented dairy products, which contribute to preserving authentic flavor and improving the organoleptic characteristics of fermented lamb. The development of domestic starter cultures based on such strains is of practical importance for expanding the range of national meat products, reducing dependence on imported cultures, and aligning with the requirements of the modern food industry and the concept of functional nutrition. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative microbiological analysis of the traditional fermented dairy product kurt, produced using different technological recipes, and to assess the influence of fermentation duration on the quality characteristics of lamb when using starter cultures based on isolated bacteria. In this work, lactic acid bacteria were isolated and preliminarily identified from three samples of the traditional Kazakh fermented dairy product kurt. Strains of Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis, which demonstrated high viability and favorable organoleptic properties upon activation, were used as starter cultures. A fermentation technology for lamb was developed using these microorganisms isolated from kurt. Meat samples were incubated at 4 °C with the addition of 5% salt and 20% starter culture for 4, 8, and 12 hours. The results indicated a decrease in pH, an increase in moisture and fat content, improvement in texture, and the formation of a meat-dairy aroma. Water activity remained at a microbiologically safe level (Aw < 0.90), ensuring product stability. Both theoretical and experimental research methods were employed in the study. Experimental work was conducted at the Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis of Food Products named after Professor K. Z. Amirkhanov at Shakarim University, using conventional, modified, and standardized methodologies. The results confirm the potential of using autochthonous lactic acid cultures derived from kurt in the production of traditional fermented lamb products, contributing to improved quality, safety, and sensory characteristics. Future research should focus on optimizing the fermentation process and enhancing the functional properties of the final product.
RESEARCH OF PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA STRAINS IN THE PRODUCTION OF BOILED-SMOKED AND SEMI-SMOKED PRODUCTS FROM HORSE MEAT
This study aims to investigate the effect of rosemary on the quality indicators of semi-smoked horse sausage. The study showed that rosemary powder possesses antioxidant properties for the sausage product during storage in a refrigeration chamber (at a temperature not exceeding 6 °C). The obtained results indicate that the use of plant raw materials with antioxidant properties as a functional and natural ingredient in the sausage product did not affect its color and texture. These findings suggest the possible application of rosemary to improve the oxidative stability of semi-smoked horse sausage. In addition, the use of a plantbased ingredient increases the biological value of the product and corresponds to modern trends in the production of functional meat products.
ASSESSMENT OF ORGANOLEPTIC, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF GREEK YOGURT OF FUNCTIONAL ORIENTATION
This scientific article presents the results of assessing the quality of Greek yogurt of a functional orientation produced in laboratory conditions. The tests were carried out within the framework of periodic product quality control at the accredited testing center of JSC «National Center for expertise and certification». The aim of the study was to verify the product’s compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation, including interstate standards and technical regulations of the Customs Union. Organoleptic, physicochemical, toxicological, microbiological and radiation indicators were analyzed. According to the test results, the yogurt had a homogeneous creamy consistency, with a characteristic fermented milk taste and aroma, as well as a purple color due to the presence of Berry components. The mass fraction of protein was 6.3%, which exceeded the established minimum (3.2%), however, this level is typical for Greek yogurt. The mass fraction of fat reached 15% this was explained by the addition of MCT fat to Greek yogurt. Other indicators, including Microbiological Safety, radionuclide levels and pesticide residues, were within the permissible values. The data obtained indicate the high quality and safety of the product, and the functionality determines the specifics of the product, which confirms the potential for its further industrial production and sale.
POSTBIOTIC PRODUCERS FOR FUNCTIONAL DAIRY PRODUCTS
This study presents the results of testing a strain-oriented approach for the primary selection of postbiotic producers. The approach employs a morphological-tintorial screening of cultures isolated from three contrasting matrices: kumis, shubat, and sauerkraut. For kumis, a dominance of the yeast morphotype (Saccharomyces s.l.) was observed; in shubat, both rod-shaped and coccoid lactic acid bacteria were detected alongside yeasts; and in sauerkraut, lactic acid microorganisms exhibited mucoid phenotypes indicative of exopolysaccharide production. Based on combined micromorphological and colony characteristics, a collection of candidate strains was assembledthese show potential to yield postbiotic fractions with targeted functional properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory) and are technologically compatible with dairy products. The practical significance lies in the rapid and reproducible identification of relevant candidate strains by the proposed primary screening. It also establishes clear criteria for progressing to confirmatory identification (using biochemical and molecular methods) and defines initial parameters for producing postbiotic fractions. The findings can be directly applied in planning subsequent laboratory and technological trials for the development of functional dairy products. While the morphological approach is limited to genus-level taxonomic precision, this is addressed through planned validation using instrumental methods. Overall, this work provides a methodologically sound foundation for further selection of postbiotic producers and their integration into functional dairy product technologies.
OBTAINING COMPOSITE CRYSTALS MODIFIED WITH MOS2 AND NICKEL AND STUDYING THEIR STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
In this paper hybrid nanostructures of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and nickel-modified MoS₂ (Ni/MoS₂) were synthesized in two different ways, that is, by chemical gas phase deposition and magnetron scattering, and their structural and morphological properties were thoroughly studied. Scanning electron microscopy was analyzed to assess the surface morphology and microstructure of the synthesized samples, energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy to determine the elemental composition, and phase correspondence with the crystal structure was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the formation of hexagonal symmetric high-crystalline triangular crystals characteristic of layered materials. Elemental mapping confirmed the distribution of molybdenum and sulfur, and the uniform distribution of the nickel layer in the heterostructure. While the Raman spectra show characteristic oscillation modes E2g ~380 cm-1 and A1g ~406 cm-1 with a distance Δ ≈ 25.8 cm-1 indicating the formation of the MoS2 layer, the indicators of two phases of MoS2 in heterostructure were evidence. These results make it possible to optimize the synthesis conditions by controlling the structure, properties and phase composition of the resulting materials. This, in turn, will expand the possibility of using materials in the future in sensor systems, optoelectronic devices, hydrogen evolution reaction and other catalytic processes. In addition, the NI modification improves the functional characteristics of MoS₂ materials and increases their potential in multidisciplinary application areas.
STUDY OF THE DIFFUSION ELECTROLYTE PLASMA TREATMENT EFFECT ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 40Kh STEEL
This article studies the effects of diffusion electrolytic plasma boriding on the structure and tribological characteristics of 40Kh steel. X-ray diffraction and scanning microscopy were used to investigate the structural and phase composition, while the mechanical and tribological properties of the steel were measured using a hardness tester and tribometer. The characteristics of 40Kh steel in its initial state and after diffusion electrolytic plasma treatment followed by oxide removal by electrochemical polishing were compared. After diffusion electrolytic-plasma treatment, FeB and Fe₂B boride phases were detected on X-ray diffractograms, proving the diffusion process. A 5 times increase in microhardness and a 3 times decrease in wear intensity were also determined, depending on the initial state. It was established that the morphology of the structure after boriding has a zonality consisting of three zones: the borided layer, the diffusion zone, and the heat-affected zone. The research data indicates the potential of using diffusion electrolytic-plasma treatment in mechanical engineering and the processing of parts for the mining industry.
EFFECT OF SPRAYING REGIME AND VACUUM ANNEALING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF PLASMA-SPRAYED CoCrFeNiMn HIGH ENTROPY COATINGS
In this study, coatings based on a high-entropy CoCrFeNiMn alloy were deposited on 316L stainless steel substrates using air plasma spraying with two different regimes. After spraying, the coatings were vacuum annealed at 500°C. The aim of the work was to study the effect of hydrogen flow rate and subsequent annealing on the phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the coatings. X-ray phase analysis showed that a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure dominates in all samples, but after annealing, especially in the regime APS 2, the formation of σ-phase and oxide phases MnO and MnCr₂O₄ is observed. According to SEM/EDS data, a layered microstructure typical for air plasma sprayed coatings and an increased oxygen content in the upper zone of the coatings after annealing were established. The highest microhardness of 390 HV₀.₂ was recorded for the APS 2a coating, which is associated with the formation of hard secondary phases. However, wear tests showed that the best wear resistance was observed in coatings obtained using the APS 1 and APS 1a regimes, due to a more stable phase structure and a lower tendency to oxidation. The results obtained emphasize the importance of comprehensive optimization of spraying parameters and annealing conditions to improve the performance characteristics of HEA based coatings under friction and wear conditions.
THERMOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL RADIATION
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the thermophysical properties of personal protective equipment (PPE) used in industrial and emergency environments. Protecting the human body from thermal damage under high temperatures and radiant heat is one of the key objectives addressed. The study evaluates three types of materials in terms of thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal resistance, and infrared reflectivity using both laboratory tests and numerical simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics. Additionally, a survey was conducted among workers operating in hazardous environments to assess the realworld effectiveness of PPE. The data collected enabled a scientifically grounded evaluation of the suitability of PPE materials for specific working conditions. The results serve as a basis for improving PPE design, developing next-generation protective clothing, and enhancing industrial safety standards. This research is relevant to sectors such as chemical production, metallurgy, oil and gas, and firefighting. Future research should include a comprehensive assessment of ergonomic features, physiological impacts on users, and the integration potential of smart sensors. Such scientifically informed approaches will not only improve workplace safety but also contribute to the overall quality of life and health protection of workers facing thermal risks.
STUDY OF THE STRUCTURAL-PHASE STATE AND MECHANICAL-TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AFTER PLASMA ELECTROLYTIC CARBURIZING
The paper presents a study of the influence of plasma electrolytic carburizing (PEC) regimes on the structural, phase, microhardness, and tribological characteristics of structural steels. Plasma electrolytic carburizing was carried out in an aqueous solution containing 10% soda ash (Na₂CO₃) and 20% urea (CO(NH₂)₂), at a temperature of about 950°C and a voltage of 300V. Two cooling regimes were implemented after PEC for steel 20: natural cooling in the electrolyte and active nozzle cooling with electrolyte supply to the treatment zone, and for 30CrMnSiA steel only natural cooling in the electrolyte. The morphology of the structure and phase composition were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. The results showed that the microstructure of steels after PEC morphologically has a zonal structure with a main martensitic phase with Fe₃C and Fe₇C₃ carbide inclusions. The microhardness profile was determined from the cross-section of the modified layer using a FISCHERSCOPE HM2000 device. Tribological tests were performed using the ball on disc method on a TRB3 machine under dry friction conditions at a normal load of 10 N and a sliding speed of 0.05 m/s. It was found that active cooling promotes the formation of a harder martensitic structure with maximum microhardness values of up to 430 HV for steel 20 and up to 720 HV for 30CrMnSiA steel, while their initial microhardness values were 170 HV and ~250 HV, respectively. It was also found that the coefficient of friction for these steels decreases by an average of 25–30% compared to the initial samples. The results confirm the effectiveness of PEC in forming hardened layers with increased microhardness and improved tribological parameters and demonstrate the potential of the method for use in the production of parts operating under high mechanical and frictional loads.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL BASED ON LaNi5 BY SPARK-PLASMA SINTERING
In this paper, we study the technology of producing a LaNi₅-based alloy by spark plasma sintering (SPS) for hydrogen storage. Preliminary mechanical activation and mechanical synthesis were carried out using lanthanum (La) and nickel (Ni) metal powders in mass ratios of 20:1 and 30:1. The prepared powder mixtures were placed in a graphite matrix with a diameter of 20 mm, pre-pressed and sintered on an ISKRA spark plasma sintering unit at a temperature of 1250 °C and constant pressure in a vacuum environment. X-ray diffractometry was used for phase analysis of the synthesized samples, as a result of which phase transformations and crystalline features of the alloy structure were determined. As a result, it was found that the LaNi₅ phase is formed. In addition to the main phase, La₂O₃ oxide was also detected, which indicates partial oxidation of the material. In addition, the morphology and microstructure of the material were studied using a scanning electron microscope, which allowed us to characterize the surface structure and particle size distribution of the obtained samples. The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of the mechanical synthesis and spark plasma sintering method for obtaining a LaNi₅-based material for hydrogen storage and made it possible to determine the effect of synthesis parameters on the phase composition and microstructural characteristics of the obtained material.
STRUCTURAL AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN (TiAlSiY)N/CrN NANOLAYERED COATINGS AFTER GOLD ION IMPLANTATION
This study investigates the effect of gold ion (Au⁻) implantation with an energy of 60 keV and a fluence of 1×10¹⁷ ions/cm² on the structural and phase state of multilayer (TiAlSiY)N/CrN coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering. To perform a comprehensive analysis, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and SRIM simulation of ion range were employed. The ion implantation led to the amorphization of the near-surface layer (~20 nm thick), a reduction in crystallite size from ~8 nm to 4-5 nm, and blurring of the multilayer boundaries. A significantly higher sputtering yield of nitrogen – 3-4 times greater than that of Ti and Al – was identified, resulting in local non-stoichiometry and redistribution of alloying elements such as Si and Y. The modeling results and experimental data correlate well, revealing substantial degradation of the initial crystalline structure within the implantation zone. These findings may contribute to the development of radiation-resistant, wear-resistant, and thermally stable protective coatings designed for operation under high-energy irradiation, thermomechanical loads, and aggressive environments.
EFFECT OF SYNTHESIS CONDITIONS ON THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF TIN PHOSPHIDE/PHOSPHATE-BASED CARBON COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS
In this study, the structural and morphological changes of carbon composite nanofibers based on tin phosphide/phosphate were investigated depending on the synthesis conditions. The composites were obtained through electrospinning and two-step thermal treatment, comprised of pre-oxidation and carbonization, from a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2⋅2H2O), and phosphoric acid in ethanol: H2O solution. The physical-chemical properties of the resultant nanofibers were studied by X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and CHNS elemental analyzer. The mass ratio of SnCl2⋅2H2O:PVP, the pre-oxidation temperature, and the annealing time determined the phase composition and morphology of the nanofibers. Samples annealed at 900°C for 10 min exhibited high crystallinity, the formation of the SnP phase, and phosphorus evaporation, which contributed to the development of a gradient structure. SEM results showed that the fiber diameter depended on the mass fraction of SnCl2⋅2H2O. An increase in the pre-oxidation temperature led to carbon oxidation and the formation of an amorphous structure. Thus, by adjusting the annealing conditions, the structural properties of carbon composite nanofibers can be controlled. These materials have the potential to serve as promising anode materials for high-performance energy storage systems.
INVESTIGATION OF SORPTION PROPERTIES OF MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED ZEOLITE FROM THE TAIZHUZGEN DEPOSIT
The paper investigates the treatment of wastewater of metallurgical enterprise MC MC ‘Kazzinc’ LLP from metal ions such as copper (II), zinc and lead (II). The possibility of wastewater treatment from metal ions with the help of mechanically activated natural zeolite of Taizhuzgen deposit (East Kazakhstan) has been substantiated. Adsorption ability of zeolite depending on its fractional composition has been studied. The effective method of sorbents modification – mechanical activation – is shown. By results of experimental researches it is established that the received mechanically activated sorbent on the basis of natural zeolite is perspective for deep treatment of multicomponent waste waters of metallurgical enterprises. It was found that the sorption activity of zeolite directly depends on the degree of mechanically activated sorbent. The highest degree of industrial wastewater purification from Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ ions (53.85%, 88.52% and 92.11%, respectively) is achieved at 3-hour contact of mechanically activated sorbent (optimal size 50-100 microns) with wastewater and the ratio (1-2) g:100 cm3. The adsorption isotherms of copper (II), zinc and lead (II) ions on mechanically activated zeolite of the Tayzhuzgen deposit were constructed for the first time in accordance with the Langmuir and Freundlich models.
BICEOLITE CATALYSTS BASED ON MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY
This study reports the synthesis and catalytic evaluation of a novel biceolite catalyst based on pillared Na-montmorillonite (NaMM) modified with aluminum. The catalyst incorporates HZSM-5 and HY zeolites (1:1 ratio) into an Al(2.5)NaMM matrix, offering high acidity, thermal stability, and developed porosity. Characterization by XRF, FTIR, and NH₃-TPD confirmed the structural integrity and efficient distribution of acid sites: 45.5% weak, 46.9% medium, and 7.6% strong, with a total acidity of 163.8 µmol NH₃/g. The specific surface area reached 194.1 m²/g, and pore volume was 0.94 cm³/g. The dominance of weak and medium acid sites favors selective cracking of heavy hydrocarbons with minimized coke formation. This makes the catalyst suitable for thermocatalytic recovery of bitumen from bituminous rocks. Its balanced acidity and porous structure enable effective processing of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, offering improved efficiency and selectivity. The developed catalyst shows strong potential for applications in advanced upgrading of unconventional petroleum resources.
STABILITY OF CATALYSTS IN THE PROCESS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
This study focuses on enhancing the efficiency and stability of catalysts containing molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) in the process of photocatalytic hydrogen production. Their structural, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties were thoroughly investigated. The development of low-cost and active catalysts for green hydrogen production is one of the key challenges in modern energy and environmental science. In this work, MoS₂- and WOx-based catalysts were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and subjected to thermal treatment at various temperatures. Their structural, morphological, and optical characteristics were comprehensively analyzed using advanced techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis. Hydrogen production reactions were carried out using a specially designed solar simulator, and the photocatalytic activity and stability of the catalysts were evaluated. The MoS-A320 sample demonstrated the highest hydrogen evolution activity (83 mL/h·g) and maintained 93% of its initial performance after five cycles, which is comparable to that of platinum-based catalysts. In contrast, WOx-based catalysts showed relatively lower activity. The results revealed that synthesis parameters and thermal treatment conditions have a significant influence on the properties of Mo- and W-based catalysts. This study represents an important step toward the development of efficient, stable, and affordable catalysts for green energy systems and water electrolysis. The findings offer new opportunities for designing cost-effective and high-performance Mo- and W-based catalysts.
STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY ON THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION OF OIL SLUDGE
Oil sludge is harmful waste generated in oil production areas. The processing of oil sludge is one of the urgent problems of the oil and petrochemical industry. This article examines the effect of ultrasound on the formation of light products during the processing of oil sludge. In the course of the study, methods for obtaining high-quality products from oil sludge were studied. Solvents were selected for the treatment of oil sludge. Ultrasonic treatment was performed without the use of a solvent to determine the effect of solvents. The distillation of spent oil sludge was carried out in the Soxlet apparatus in the temperature range from 65°C to 250°C. The influence of various parameters such as temperature, time, and solvent ratio on the quality of the extraction process has been determined. The composition of light hydrocarbons obtained by distillation of oil sludge dissolved in various solvents has been determined by gas chromatography. Depending on the results obtained, mixtures of heptane: benzene and heptane: toluene in a ratio of 1:1 were selected as solvents. In addition, comparative results of gas chromatographic studies of the component composition of oil sludge and oil sludge with solvent after distillation are presented. The maximum yield of light hydrocarbons reached 40.9%, and aromatic hydrocarbons – 57.2%. In this regard, oil sludge can be considered as raw materials for the production of light products, as motor fuels. The proposed technology has shown the possibility of obtaining a commercial product from oil sludge without loss of volatile substances. It has also been found that this process and the resulting products do not harm the environment.
PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF THORIUM WASTE AS PART OF MONAZITE IN THE ENERGY INDUSTRY
In the context of growing global demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy, the use of thorium as a nuclear fuel attracts special attention. This research work is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of the possibilities of processing mining industrial waste containing thorium, with a view to their use in thorium energy. The paper considers the mineral monazite as a key source of thorium formed in the dumps of the gold mining and rare earth industries. Theoretical studies have been conducted aimed at developing mathematical models of the thorium reactor core using the ANSYS and COMSOL Multiphysics software systems. The models take into account the processes of neutron transfer, heat transfer, coolant flow, and mechanical stresses. Physico-chemical methods of thorium extraction from waste have also been investigated in order to minimize environmental risks. Data on the geology and reserves of thorium in Kazakhstan are presented, where promising deposits have been identified, including in the Mangystau region, South Kazakhstan region and North Kazakhstan region. The results of the study emphasize the high technological and environmental feasibility of developing thorium energy in the Republic of Kazakhstan and create a scientific basis for the introduction of fourth-generation thorium-based reactors.
SYNTHESIS, RADIOGRAPHY AND THERMODYNAMICS CUPRATE-VANADATO-MANGANITE LaLi2CuVMnO7.5
The article presents the results of synthesis, radiographic and thermodynamic studies of the cupratevanadato-manganite compound LaLi2CuVMnO7.5. Using ceramic technology, a new cuprate-vanadatomanganite LaLi2CuVMnO7.5 was synthesized. The structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Xray images were indicated by the analytical method. Pycnometric densities were determined in glass pycnometers with a volume of 1 ml. 3 times and the data were averaged. The results show that LaLi2CuVMnO7.5 crystallizes in cubic syngony with lattice parameters: а=14,01 ± 0,01 Å; Z=4; Vo=2747,18 ± 0,03 Å³; Voun.cell.=686,87 ± 0,87 Å³, ρx-ray.=4,27 and ρpicn.=4,26 ± 0,005 g/sm³. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of LaLi2CuVMnO7.5 was studied using a serial IT-C-400 calorimeter in the range of 298.15-673 K. The calibration of the device was carried out based on determining the thermal conductivity of the heat meter. For this purpose, experiments were conducted using a copper sample and an empty ampoule. At each temperature (in increments of 25 K), five parallel experiments were performed, and the results were processed using methods of mathematical statistics by calculating the mean value. The performance of the device was verified by determining the heat capacity of α-Al2O3. Based on experimental data, equations describing the temperature dependence were derived. It was established that LaLi2CuVMnO7.5 undergoes a λ-shaped effect at 348 K, which is likely related to a second-order phase transition. Using a calculation method, the values of the thermodynamic functions H°(T)-H°(298,15), S°(T), Ф**(Т) for the studied cuprate-vanadate-manganite were evaluated. The research results are important for further studies of the electrophysical properties of this compound and are also of interest for predicting valuable physicochemical properties and the certification of the laboratory prototype of LaLi2CuVMnO7.5.
NIOBIUM RECOVERY FROM TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE PRODUCTION BY-PRODUCTS
This article presents the results of a study on the processing of industrial by-products from titanium tetrachloride production for the purpose of niobium extraction. Three types of niobium-containing materials were studied: titanium chlorinator sludge, dust chamber sublimate, and molten slag from the dust-settling chamber with a salt bath. The chemical and phase compositions were investigated using SEM-EDS, XRF, and XRD methods. Niobium was found predominantly in the form of refractory oxides and complex phases. Thermodynamic modeling using HSC Chemistry confirmed the stability of niobium oxides and the possibility of chlorination to volatile chlorides in a reducing environment. Leaching experiments showed that traditional water and acid treatments (HCl, H₂SO₄) result in low niobium extraction rates (up to 26%), whereas HFcontaining solutions allow for recovery of up to 53%. Based on experimental and modeling data, optimal parameters for selective niobium extraction were established. The proposed approach enables efficient recovery of valuable rare elements and contributes to the reduction of environmental impact from titanium production residues.
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MXENE AND NANOCELLULOSE AND THEIR APPLICATION POTENTIAL
In the modern era of rapid scientific and technological advancement, the preservation of the environment and natural resources has become increasingly important. In this context, there is growing interest in environmentally friendly, renewable, and highly efficient materials. MXene and nanocellulose are two promising nanomaterials that have attracted considerable scientific attention over the past decade. Their unique structural, chemical, and physical properties, as well as their multifunctionality, make them applicable across a wide range of fields. MXene is a two-dimensional material derived from the selective etching of MAX phases. Due to its high conductivity, hydrophilicity, thermal and chemical stability, and tunability, it is widely studied in water purification, energy storage, electronics, sensors, and biomedical applications. Nanocellulose, a bio-based, biodegradable material obtained from plant cellulose, offers high mechanical strength, a large surface area, and chemical stability, making it a valuable material in medicine, food packaging, and nanocomposites. This article provides a detailed review of synthesis methods for these materials (e.g., HF or LiF/HCl etching for MXene, and acid hydrolysis, mechanical, and enzymatic treatment for nanocellulose), along with their morphological and structural characteristics. It also explores their individual and combined application potentials, particularly in nanocomposites and membrane systems. The analysis shows that due to their compatibility and high functionality, these materials may serve as essential components in future green technologies aimed at solving ecological and technogenic challenges.
POLYSACCHARIDE-BASED BIOPLASTICS FOR SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING: ROLE OF NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS AND TRANSESTERIFICATION
The growing accumulation of plastic waste in ecosystems has catalyzed a global search for environmentally responsible packaging materials. Among biodegradable polymers, bioplastics derived from polysaccharides – especially from plant-based cellulose and its microbial analogue, bacterial cellulose (BC) – have attracted significant interest due to their renewability, biodegradability, and desirable mechanical attributes. Nevertheless, their practical application is frequently constrained by challenges such as hydrophilicity and vulnerability to environmental stressors. To overcome these issues, recent studies have explored structural modifications involving both noncovalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, ionic crosslinking) and covalent strategies such as transesterification. These approaches have been shown to improve mechanical integrity, flexibility and water resistance. This review discusses recent progress in engineering polysaccharide-based bioplastics, with a particular emphasis on how combined physical and chemical modifications can enhance performance. Special attention is given to hybrid systems incorporating BC, laponite, chitosan, and fatty acid esters, which demonstrate promising synergistic effects. Overall, the integration of noncovalent and covalent modifications offers a compelling strategy for developing next-generation sustainable packaging materials.
MODIFICATION OF MXENE-BASED MATERIALS THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF SILICON (SIO2/SIOx/SI) BY VARIOUS METHODS: DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES AND ALTERNATIVE SURFACE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES
MXene represents a promising class of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides of transition metals. Due to their unique combination of high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, hydrophilicity, and tunable surface chemistry, they have attracted significant scientific interest. These properties enable the application of MXenes in energy storage systems, sensors, electrocatalysis, filtration, and environmental remediation. However, their susceptibility to oxidation and insufficient long-term stability remain major challenges for practical use. To address these limitations, silicon-based modifications – specifically involving Si, SiO₂, and SiOx – are proposed as effective strategies for enhancing the structural stability of MXenes. This review analyzes functionalization methods employing silicon-containing components, including sol–gel synthesis, the Stöber method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and sputtering techniques. Silicon modification improves oxidation resistance, thermal stability, surface area, and compatibility with composites. These enhanced properties contribute to improved performance of silicon-modified MXenes in lithium- and aluminum-ion batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and catalysts. Additionally, their photocatalytic activity and pollutant adsorption capabilities support applications in environmental protection technologies. The review also explores sustainable and scalable strategies for integrating MXenes into future multifunctional systems.
PROCESSING OF SAFFLOWER SEEDS TO PRODUCE VEGETABLE OIL
This paper proposes a small-size technological line for processing safflower grain in small enterprises of the oil and fat industry, which uses equipment of increased efficiency, realizing progressive processes with the use of modern physical methods of processing. The advantage of the design of the proposed equipment is that it allows simultaneous peeling and pressing of safflower grains in one apparatus, which provides a highquality and biologically valuable product. The research was carried out to determine the particle size distribution of safflower seed particles fed for pressing, as well as the influence of the moisture content of the initial product on the degree of pressing. The graphs showed that the optimal moisture content for safflower seeds is between 8.5% and 10%. At this moisture content, the oil content in the cake is minimal, which means maximum oil yield during pressing. As a result, after final pressing, the oil content in the cake can be as low as 6%. Thus, the proposed technological line for processing safflower grain is to reduce material and energy costs in the conditions of miniproduction of oil production by pressing, increasing the convenience of operation without reducing the quality of the finished product.