This paper investigates the operating principle, energy efficiency, and frequency-dependent characteristics of a current-mode class-D power amplifier (CMCD) intended for 5G FR1 (sub-6 GHz, below 6 GHz) applications, specifically within the 3.4-3.8 GHz band. The amplifier is based on a classical push-pull CMCD architecture operating in switching mode and demonstrates the potential for high theoretical efficiency by reducing switching losses through minimizing the temporal overlap between current and voltage waveforms.
The analysis examines the peak drain voltage, current and voltage waveforms, load conditions, and frequency-dependent parameters. Simulation results show stable operation across 3.4-3.8 GHz, while indicating a decreasing trend in gain and efficiency as frequency increases. This behavior is attributed to increased transistor switching losses and the impact of parasitic parameters of passive components. The results confirm that the CMCD power amplifier is suitable for 5G FR1 mobile communication systems, particularly around 3.5 GHz, and that practical accuracy can be further improved by employing realistic RF transistor models (LDMOS/GaN/CMOS) and explicitly accounting for parasitic effects

This article examines the necessity for the Republic of Kazakhstan to transition to Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) standard digital audio broadcasting, in order to modernize its outdated analog radio network and ensure equal access to information resources, even in remote areas. The objective is to substantiate the technical, economic, and organizational advantages of implementing DRM under conditions of complex terrain and low population density. To achieve this goal, a detailed analysis of the existing analog audio broadcasting system was conducted, highlighting its shortcomings in terms of territorial coverage and energy efficiency. Service area modeling for digital audio broadcasting was carried out using ICS Telecom software. The calculations took into account ITU-R radio signal propagation models, including ITU-R P.1546, as well as the Deygout method for assessing diffraction losses. This allowed for an approximate determination of the reliable reception zone for the Alma-Ata-549 kHz frequency assignment with a transmitter power of 100 kW, providing a coverage radius of approximately 250 km. The research results indicate that the introduction of DRM can significantly expand territorial coverage (up to 95% of the country), reduce transmitter energy consumption by 50% compared to analog systems, improve audio quality, and enable the integration of additional services such as emergency alert systems. The practical significance of this work lies in the development of a step-bystep plan for modernizing the broadcasting infrastructure through the re-equipment of decommissioned radio centers and the efficient use of national frequency assignments, which can substantially reduce capital and operational costs. The findings demonstrate that transitioning to DRM standard digital audio broadcasting is a strategic step toward the digitalization of the media industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Currently, due to the intensive development of the petrochemical industry and the growing demand for its products, increasing the productivity of high-quality benzene production facilities based on their models has become an actual scientific and practical problem. In practice, the main indicators of benzene quality are assessed imprecisely based on the experience and knowledge of process engineers who manage the benzene production process and specialists from the plant laboratory. The paper proposes a method for synthesizing linguistic models of poorly formalized technological facilities, such as a benzene column, with fuzzy input and output parameters, allowing for the modeling and optimization of their operating modes in a fuzzy environment. Based on the proposed method, linguistic models have been developed to evaluate the main quality indicator of benzene produced in the benzene column of the Atyrau oil refinery, which is the subject of the study. Based on the developed linguistic models-a rule base in Fuzzy Logic Toolbox-fuzzy modeling of various operating modes of the studied benzene column and optimization of its mode were carried out. As a result, the optimal operating mode of the benzene column was determined, allowing to maximize the volume and quality of benzene from its output. The novelty and importance of the proposed method for synthesizing linguistic models of complex technological objects in a fuzzy environment lies in the fact that it allows the development of effective linguistic models of objects with fuzzy input and output parameters. The practical significance of the developed linguistic models of the object under study lies in the optimization of its operating modes in a fuzzy environment based on fuzzy modeling.

The article proposes a universal multimodal framework for solving three tasks of natural language processing: sarcasm recognition, sentiment-oriented generation of image descriptions, and contextual neural network machine translation using the reranking mechanism. The architecture includes specialized encoders (BERT, RoBERTa, ViT), cross-modal attention mechanisms, and contrastive learning, which provides adaptation to various types of input data and semantic tasks. The experiments demonstrated improvements in the BLEU, METEOR, F1, and NER metrics compared to the basic models. Special attention is paid to the stability of the model when working with rare words and named entities. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach in conditions of limited data and multimodal complexity. In the context of the rapid growth of multimedia content and user expression on social networks, multimodal models combining text, visual and stylistic features are becoming a key direction in the development of cognitive AI systems. In particular, transformer architectures open up new horizons in the integration of multi-channel information, allowing us to take into account not only the direct meaning of the text, but also the emotional subtext, visual context and stylistic features of the presentation.

This paper discusses the modernization of a ground station antenna with a parabolic reflector of 3.7 m diameter for operation in the S- and X-bands. The main focus is on accounting for the actual reflector geometry, which was reconstructed based on high-precision laser measurements. Using the obtained data, a new dual-band coaxial feed was developed, ensuring the alignment of phase centers in the S- and X-bands and high port isolation. The antenna design optimization and performance prediction were carried out using electromagnetic modeling in Ansys HFSS, taking into account the actual parabolic profile. The fabricated prototype underwent laboratory testing, which confirmed the simulation results. The beamwidth was approximately 0.7o , the aperture efficiency reached 56%, and the gain-to-noise temperature ratio (G/T) was about 25.9 dB/K, meeting the requirements of the radio link for receiving signals from low-orbit satellites. The results demonstrate that accurate consideration of the reflector shape and proper feed tuning make it possible to achieve the desired antenna characteristics without replacing the parabolic mirror. Thus, the feasibility of efficient modernization of existing medium-class ground antennas through the integration of high-precision geometric reconstruction methods and electrodynamic modeling is confirmed.

The article discusses the application of Explicable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods for interpreting forecasts of neural network models in predictive maintenance systems for industrial equipment. The aim of the study is to increase transparency, accuracy and trust in the results of machine learning in the diagnosis and prediction of technical malfunctions. The paper uses SHAP, LIME, and Grad-CAM methods to visualize the contribution of features to model predictions. Using the example of the enterprises of the Kostanay automobile cluster, it is shown that the integration of Explicable AI can increase diagnostic reliability by 12-15%, reduce unplanned equipment downtime by 13% and reduce the response time of engineers by 18%. The study demonstrates that interpreted machine learning models form the basis for transparent solutions within the framework of digitalization and the introduction of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in Kazakhstan. The proposed approach corresponds to the strategic directions of the Digital Kazakhstan and the Concept of Artificial Intelligence Development until 2029 programs, contributing to improving the efficiency and reliability of domestic maintenance systems.
The experimental results were obtained using anonymized data from an industrial automotive engineering enterprise in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which confirms the applicability of the proposed approach in real production conditions.

This paper presents the research and development of an intelligent hybrid model based on deep learning methods for malware detection in information and communication infrastructures. The goal of the study is to create an architecture combining convolutional (CNN), recurrent (GRU), and graph (GNN) neural networks with ontology-based feature normalization. This approach provides a comprehensive analysis of the static, behavioral, and structural characteristics of malware, increasing resilience to zero-day attacks and polymorphic threats. The EMBER-2018, Malimg, CICAndMal2017, and CICMalDroid-2020 open datasets were used for experimental validation. The experiments showed that the proposed hybrid architecture provides a classification accuracy of 98.7% and a ROC-AUC of 0.99, outperforming isolated deep learning models and traditional machine analysis methods. The introduction of an ontological knowledge model increased the system's interpretability and reduced the false-positive rate to 1.7%. The developed software prototype demonstrated the solution's applicability in real-time systems (SOC/IDS) and demonstrated potential for further scaling and implementation in practical cybersecurity systems. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the integration of multimodal analysis and ontological modeling, which enables more accurate and explainable detection of malicious objects in complex digital environments.

One of the modern trends in the development of information technology is that the technical capabilities of information and measurement systems (IMS) are widely used in all areas. Due to the capabilities of modern technologies, there is a need to improve communication networks and improve the quality of their bandwidth, as well as to compress data in the IMS due to the fact that the amount of information is transmitted through communication networks. Various methods of compressing the amount of information in the storage, processing and transmission of large arrays of information in communication channels are considered. Highly informative data compression is effectively performed in telemetry measurement systems. For example, in spacecraft and satellite systems, the bandwidth of the communication channel is minimized by using various compression methods in collecting data and transmitting them to the control station. This is an innovative scientific direction that allows you to collect, measure and transfer various parameters to remote devices. Compression methods focus on separate data processing in different data sources. Open or hidden information connections are increasingly interconnected in ways that can increase data compression capabilities. Strengthens the implementation of compression methods for data obtained from complex measurement parameters at the design stage of IMS. Thus, the consideration of methods for measuring, processing and compressing data is an urgent task. The article reflects the results of research on data compression methods.

In the context of the active and uncontrolled dissemination of information in the digital environment, especially on social media and news aggregators, the task of automatically identifying fake news has become especially relevant. The growing volume of user-generated content and the high speed of its distribution significantly complicate manual information verification, necessitating the use of machine learning methods. The aim of this study is to analyze, comparatively evaluate, and optimize baseline machine learning models for fake news detection, focusing on hyperparameter selection, computational efficiency, and interpretation of classification results. This study utilizes the ISOT Fake News Dataset, a text dataset containing Englishlanguage news items with binary labels labeled «true» and «false», cleaned and vectorized using the TF-IDF method. The study implemented and analyzed logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and gradient boosting models. Classification quality was assessed using the following metrics: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, as well as ROC analysis and the area under the curve (AUC). It was shown that the gradient boosting model provides the highest classification accuracy, while logistic regression demonstrates comparable quality with significantly lower computational costs and training time. Additionally, the study included data leakage monitoring and an analysis of the causes of inflated quality metrics, ensuring the correct interpretation of the results. The findings confirm that optimized classical machine learning models are capable of providing highquality fake news detection and can be considered a resource-efficient alternative to more complex neural network approaches in applied cybersecurity and information flow monitoring.

The article presents the results of the development and research of a digital twin of a training manipulator with two joints 230 and 170 mm long and a working range of 170-400 mm. The aim of the work is to create a virtual model that allows the kinematic and functional behaviour of the real device to be adequately reproduced. Additionally, to evaluate its potential for use in the educational process. The methods used include mathematical modelling of direct kinematics, numerical analysis of the working area, and visualisation of the motion trajectory.
The results showed that the root mean square positioning error of the digital twin does not exceed 3- 4 mm, which is less than 1% of the maximum working radius and confirms the high accuracy of the model. The working area of the manipulator, calculated using the random approximation method, fully corresponds to the passport limitations of the real device.
The pedagogical experiment showed that the use of a digital twin significantly improves students' understanding of the principles of robotics and manipulator kinematics. The developed model can be used as an effective tool for conducting laboratory work, training specialists in the field of automation and robotic systems, as well as for subsequent expansion to include dynamic characteristics and automatic motion planning algorithms.

This article examines the problem of automatic implementation of new concepts in ontology in the context of constant updating of knowledge and increasing the volume of textual data. The object of research is the process by which new concepts can be integrated into hierarchical and non-taxonomic structures of ontology, while maintaining their logical and semantic consistency. The purpose of the work is to create a three-stage structure to automate the search, refinement, and optimal implementation of ideas. This structure should be built on the basis of modern machine learning and natural language processing technologies.
Logical inference, contrast learning and large language models and pre-prepared language models are used as research methods. At the initial stage of the framework, larger language models are used to create formal OWL axioms and semantic connections, taking into account universal and existential logical constraints. In the second stage, contrast learning is used to refine vector representations of ideas and improve classification accuracy. The third stage is the logical verification and improvement of non-taxonomic relations with the help of ontological reasoners and external sources of knowledge.
The biomedical ontology of SNOMED CT and the corpus of Kazakh data were used for experimental evaluation. The results show significant statistical superiority over existing methods, as well as high accuracy of concept placement (up to 91%). The main scientific value of the work lies in the fact that it integrates logical constraints and contextual analysis into the task of ontological expansion. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that it can be used to automate ontologies in biomedicine, artificial intelligence, and the semantic web, including multilingual and nationally oriented data.

The article presents a comprehensive and in-depth review of multi-vector cyberattacks implemented in cyber-physical systems (CPS). The study provides a detailed analysis of the key architectural prerequisites of CPS, threat models at the intersection of information technology and operational technology (IT/OT), as well as the mechanisms for coordinating cyber and physical impacts. The main types of attacks are systematized, including false data injection (FDI/FDIA), malware targeting industrial control systems and PLCs, supply-chain attacks, ransomware, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, insider threats, and direct physical interference. Their interconnection and amplification effects within a unified compromise scenario are demonstrated.
Based on open scientific studies and industry reports, the paper analyzes notable cases such as Stuxnet, cyberattacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, CrashOverride/Industroyer, TRITON/Trisis, and ransomware incidents in industrial environments. In addition, a risk-oriented matrix based on the principle «Attack Type – CPS Layer» is proposed. A practical anomaly-detection pipeline using IT/OT event correlation and machine-learning methods is described.
The work includes tables, diagrams, and graphs illustrating CPS architecture, the lifecycle of multivector operations, and engineering security measures aligned with the standards ST RK ISO/IEC 27001, NIST, ISA/IEC 62443, and MITRE ATT&CK for ICS.

The article considers the urgent problem of optimizing the flight trajectory of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with given final conditions. An approach to constructing the optimal UAV trajectory along successive sections using approximation by a fifth-degree polynomial is presented. A mathematical model is developed that takes into account the features of using local inertial coordinate systems on each section of the trajectory. A motion optimization method is proposed based on minimizing the quadratic functional characterizing both the accuracy of reaching specified points and the energy costs for control. The solution to the optimization problem is obtained using analytical design of the optimal controller. Analytical expressions are given for determining the optimal lateral acceleration of the UAV, ensuring the required positioning accuracy with minimal energy costs. Features of coordinate transformation between trajectory sections to ensure continuity of motion are considered. A practical example of calculating the optimal UAV trajectory with given initial conditions is given.

The digitalization of secondary education in Kazakhstan increases the need for specialized Kazakhlanguage resources that support intelligent question-and-answer systems for school subjects. However, existing QA datasets are mainly focused on high-resource languages and do not cover the content of academic disciplines, particularly the history of Kazakhstan. This paper presents and analyzes in detail the Kazakh HistoryQA corpus, the first specialized question-and-answer resource in the Kazakh language, which is based on six official textbooks on the history of Kazakhstan for grades 5-10. The corpus includes 208 thematic sections, about 180 thousand tokens, and 661 QA-pairs with exact coordinates of the response span, which ensures compatibility with standard machine reading model training pipelines, including the HuggingFace library. A multi-level analysis of the corpus has been conducted: statistics on the length of contexts, questions, and answers, distribution of materials by classes and textbooks, and typology.

The article discusses the task of improving the efficiency and reliability of control and management processes in the access control and management system (ACMS) using the example of a public facility, the Congress Hall "Aulie-Ata". The article provides an overview of typical ACMS architectures and regulatory requirements for information security and engineering security systems. It has been shown that at facilities with a high density of visitors and mixed access scenarios (employees, contractors, guests, and mass events), the key problems are decision delays, inconsistent rules, insufficient integration with video surveillance and fire automation, and limited event analytics. A set of optimization measures is proposed: transition to eventoriented processing (event-driven), server offloading due to local controllers and rule caching, application of a hybrid RBAC+ABAC access control model with adaptive risk assessment, unification of logging and integration via API/bus.

This article addresses the practical problem of selecting a GSM antenna for an electronic navigation seal intended for the control and monitoring of cargo transportation. Unlike traditional approaches based on datasheet specifications, the focus is placed on investigating antenna performance within a fully assembled device, taking into account the influence of the plastic enclosure, internal metallic components, and the overall electronic layout.
For this purpose, laboratory tests were conducted on 28 commercially available planar GSM antennas operating in the GSM 900 band under conditions closely approximating real-world operation in a navigation seal. The antenna characteristics were evaluated using a standardized measurement setup with a housing mock-up and a reference antenna. The main comparison criterion was the standing wave ratio, which reflects the quality of antenna matching with the radio module and the level of power losses.
Dimensional constraints of the enclosure, which are critically important for practical integration, were also considered during the selection process. Based on a comprehensive analysis, antennas providing stable communication and sufficient energy efficiency were selected and recommended for use in mass-produced electronic navigation seals.
The obtained results confirm that a proper antenna selection is not possible without considering the installation conditions within a specific device, while testing under conditions close to the actual layout represents an important stage in the development of navigation systems operating under constraints of limited internal volume and dense component integration.

The widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies for managing complex network infrastructures is constrained by the lack of standardized, relevant, and labeled datasets needed for training and validation. This paper presents a methodology for developing and validating a deterministic simulation model of a distributed corporate network in Cisco Packet Tracer. The proposed model implements a hierarchical corporate network architecture that supports VLANs, dynamic BGP-based routing, fault-tolerance mechanisms, and comprehensive cybersecurity policies. The model serves not only as an educational and methodological platform for developing practical networking skills, but also as a controlled testbed for generating synthetic telemetry data. A key feature of the proposed approach is the integration of an automated assessment system that ensures network configuration compliance with predefined reference parameters, thereby guaranteeing the correctness and reproducibility of the generated data. Configuration verification ensures reproducible network states and enables accurate automated data labeling. Experimental validation confirmed the model's deterministic nature and suitability for generating training and test datasets for intelligent network management algorithms, including anomaly detection, QoS optimization, and automated incident response. The proposed approach can be effectively applied in both educational and research contexts.

The reliability of information systems is a key prerequisite for the stable operation of modern digital services, especially under high-load conditions and rapidly evolving digitalization processes. Most traditional approaches rely on individual indicators or subjective expert judgments, which limits the transparency of the results obtained. This paper proposes a hybrid methodology that integrates the ISO/IEC 25010:2023 quality model, multicriteria decision-making methods (ARAS, CoCoSo, TOPSIS), and machine learning techniques for imputing missing data. The ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standard is used to define the structure of reliability-related quality attributes and to select appropriate indicators. The AHP method enables a systematic determination of criterion weights based on expert judgments. Missing values in the dataset are restored using a machine learning algorithm, resulting in a complete and consistent data matrix. After data preparation, the reliability of alternative information systems is evaluated using three multicriteria methods. This increases the robustness of the final ranking and reduces its sensitivity to changes in weighting coefficients. The proposed methodology was tested on four real-world information systems with different architectures. A high degree of consistency was observed among the applied methods; the rankings remained stable even when weights were varied by ±10%, and the feasibility of expressing reliability as a percentage was confirmed. This approach enables objective system comparison, identification of weaknesses, and informed decision-making for system improvement and modernization.

Air quality in public transport is a critical factor directly affecting urban health, yet for Almaty this issue has remained understudied until now. In this study, a systematic monitoring of CO₂, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, temperature, and relative humidity concentrations was conducted in buses across three key transport corridors of the city. Data collection was carried out using a mobile IoT device of our own design, «Tynys», calibrated against a commercial reference sensor to ensure high measurement reliability. Special attention was paid to comparing peak and off-peak hours, which allowed us to identify patterns of air quality changes under varying passenger loads. The analysis showed that during morning peak hours, CO₂ and fine particulate matter concentrations significantly exceeded off-peak levels, confirming the key role of passenger flow in shaping in-vehicle air quality. Additionally, by applying machine learning methods, it was established that CO₂ and PM₂.₅ are the most informative indicators of pollution, enabling reliable classification of high-load periods. The obtained results fill an existing research gap in studies of air quality in public transport in Central Asia and provide a basis for further work aimed at modernizing ventilation systems, optimizing passenger flows, and implementing intelligent microclimate monitoring technologies in buses.

For the purposes of long-term and strategic planning of the country's food security, the optimal use of land resources represents one of the key tasks of modern agricultural management. Efficient allocation and rational involvement of land in economic circulation form the foundation of a sustainable food balance, reduce dependence on external factors, and enhance the adaptive capacity of the agricultural sector to changing climatic and economic conditions.
From a scientific standpoint, the careful use of land resources is not just a way to raise agricultural productivity. It also plays a key role in strengthening a country’s overall food security. When land is managed wisely, it helps maintain a realistic balance between economic goals, environmental limitations, and the needs of rural communities. This balance is essential for the long-term stability of agricultural landscapes and for supporting sustainable development in rural regions.
This study is aimed at developing an economic and mathematical model for managing the production and economic activities of agricultural enterprises specializing in livestock farming. The article examines forecasting, planning, and optimization methods aimed at increasing the profitability of agricultural enterprises, improving feed production, and preserving soil fertility. Implementation of the proposed model will make it possible to minimize risks, enhance the efficiency of land resource management, and contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture.

His paper investigates the output tracking problem for a class of switched nonlinear systems with timevarying delays. Such systems are characterized by switching among multiple subsystems as well as the presence of delays that vary over time, which significantly complicates their dynamics. The combined effects of switching and time delays may result in degraded control performance, oscillatory behaviors, and, in some cases, loss of stability. Therefore, the synthesis of effective control laws for such systems constitutes an important and challenging problem in modern control theory. A state-feedback control law is proposed to achieve the desired output tracking performance. The proposed approach is designed to ensure the boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop system in the presence of nonlinearities, switching, and timevarying delays. The stability properties of the system and the dynamics of the tracking error are analyzed using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals, which allow the influence of time delays on system behavior to be explicitly taken into account. It is shown that an appropriate selection of the control gains can significantly reduce the destabilizing effects caused by switching and time-varying delays. To validate the theoretical results, numerical simulation results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and confirming its applicability to a broad class of switched nonlinear systems with time-varying delays.

Enhancing information security can be achieved through a variety of methods, with one notable approach involving the use of specialized hardware and software tools known as the «Image-to-Data» converter. As described by the authors, this device is primarily designed for secure information exchange in scientific research, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during transfer. Its core principles focus on protecting sensitive information by preventing unauthorized access, making it an essential tool in high-security environments. Although initially developed for scientific purposes, the converter's capabilities are highly adaptable and can be applied to other sectors such as finance, healthcare, and government agencies, where secure communication is vital. By adopting this innovative converter, organizations can significantly strengthen their data protection measures, minimizing risks associated with cyber threats and data breaches. The technology's versatility and robustness facilitate safer data exchange, helping institutions maintain compliance with strict security standards and regulations. Overall, integrating the «Image-to-Data» converter can substantially enhance an organization’s security posture, enabling secure, efficient, and versatile information sharing across various fields and industries, thereby supporting the integrity and confidentiality of critical information in an increasingly digital world.

The rapid development of additive manufacturing technologies imposes increasingly stringent requirements on the positioning accuracy and dynamic stability of motion systems, particularly in printers employing H-bot kinematic architectures, which are prone to torsional vibrations. Such vibrations significantly degrade print quality by inducing trajectory deviations of the print head and cannot be effectively mitigated solely through mechanical reinforcement or conventional control strategies. This study proposes a software-based torsional vibration compensation method founded on the use of filtered B-splines for motion trajectory correction at the planning stage. Unlike existing approaches that rely on rigid digital filtering or realtime adaptive control, the proposed method combines the high approximation capability of B-splines with selective attenuation of spectral components responsible for resonant torsional oscillations.
A mathematical model of torsional vibrations in H-bot frame structures is developed, followed by a spectral analysis of their dynamic characteristics to justify the applicability of B-spline-based filtering for identifying and compensating critical frequency components. Numerical simulation results demonstrate a substantial reduction in vibration amplitude and a corresponding decrease in trajectory tracking error of the print head. The practical relevance of the proposed approach lies in its ability to be integrated into standard trajectory planning algorithms without hardware modification, making it applicable to a wide class of H-botbased additive manufacturing systems.

This paper presents a framework for fake news detection based on ontological modeling and semantic annotation of media texts. The study includes a bibliometric analysis of Scopus publications from 2018 to 2026 to identify trends in fake news detection and semantic approaches. The results show a shift from traditional machine learning methods toward transformer-based, graph-based, and semantic models. An adaptive system architecture is proposed, covering data collection, preprocessing, multi-level annotation in Label Studio, knowledge graph construction, model training, inference, and analytics. A formal ontological model was developed to structure the key elements of news texts, including claim, source, evidence, author intent, target audience, and disinformation techniques. The framework supports multilingual processing in Kazakh and Russian. The dataset consists of 5,000 news articles, evenly distributed between fake and real categories and balanced across both languages. Annotation quality was evaluated using Cohen’s Kappa, with values ranging from 0.72 to 0.81, indicating consistent inter-annotator agreement. The proposed approach provides a structured basis for the further development and evaluation of automated fake news detection systems in multilingual environments.

This paper presents the development and investigation of a mathematical model of a two-loop steering control system for a mobile robot with Ackermann geometry, aimed at improving trajectory tracking accuracy under external disturbances and measurement noise. The inner control loop implements the classical Ackermann geometry, ensuring coordinated steering angles of the front wheels and minimizing lateral slip. The outer loop represents a corrective control system based on a proportional-derivative (PD) controller, which compensates for position and orientation errors caused by mechanical backlash, inertial effects, model inaccuracies, and sensor measurement errors. An analytical stability analysis of the closed-loop system was conducted using the Lyapunov function method. It is proven that for positive values of the PD controller gains, asymptotic stability is guaranteed, and the position and orientation errors converge to zero.
To numerically validate the proposed model, simulations were performed in the MATLAB R2023b environment using parameters of real autonomous platforms such as Clearpath Husky, Jackal, and Scout Mini. Various motion scenarios were considered, including S-shaped and curved trajectories, IMU and odometry noise, as well as steering angle constraints.
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-loop control architecture reduces the root mean square trajectory tracking error by 38-52%, decreases the maximum tracking error by 44%, and improves robustness to noise and disturbances. The developed system ensures smooth and stable motion and shows strong potential for application in autonomous vehicles, robotic platforms, and intelligent navigation systems.

In this work, the effect of the electrolytic plasma hardening (EPH) method on 65G steel was investigated. Prior to the study, the surface of the specimens was mechanically leveled and subsequently subjected to grinding and polishing operations, which ensured the complete removal of initial surface defects and foreign layers. During the experiments, a 20% sodium carbonate solution was used as the electrolyte, and EPH was applied to three specimens at different heating durations. It was shown that the initial microstructure of the material consists of ferrite and pearlite structural constituents.

As a result of hardening, austenite transforms into martensite, forming an extremely fine needle-like structure. Images obtained using a scanning electron microscope demonstrated that electrolytic plasma treatment significantly modifies the structure of the surface layer: grain refinement occurs, carbide phases are formed, and the microhardness of the surface layer increases substantially. It was proven that martensite formation and the influence of the alloying element manganese on the hardenability of the steel make it possible to increase hardness by 3.1-3.56 times.

The research results indicate that electrolytic plasma hardening improves the microstructure and mechanical properties of 65G steel, enhancing the strength and reliability of treated steel components and extending their service life. Therefore, this method can be considered a promising and efficient technology for manufacturing springs, shafts, gears, and other critical parts operating under heavy loads and friction conditions in mechanical engineering, transport, and agricultural machinery.

A method for calculating the thickness of the vapor-gas envelope formed around the cathode during electrolytic-plasma heating has been developed, taking into account the energy characteristics of the process. The proposed approach is based on an analysis of the energy balance in the near-cathode region and considers the effects of current density, voltage, thermophysical properties of the electrolyte, and heattransfer parameters on the conditions of evaporation and vapor-gas mixture formation. Experimental studies were carried out under cathodic heating of steel 20 samples in a Na₂CO₃ solution at 100-300 V with simultaneous recording of temperature and electrical parameters. Numerical modeling of current and energy distribution in the near-cathode region was performed in COMSOL Multiphysics. Relationships between the vapor-gas envelope thickness and the discharge energy parameters were established, and it was shown that its growth is accompanied by the transition from nucleate to film boiling of the electrolyte and by an increase in the cathode heating intensity. The obtained results can be used for selecting electrolytic-plasma processing regimes and for modeling thermal processes in the near-cathode zone.

This paper presents an extended comparative analysis of the traditional injection molding technology and additive 3D printing technology in the production of polymer rollers for belt conveyors of various applications. The technological features of the processes, their production limitations, economic feasibility, and areas of rational application in mass and small-batch manufacturing are considered.
The mass and dimensional characteristics of the rollers were calculated, and the reduction in metal consumption compared with conventional steel analogues was evaluated. The influence of reducing the mass of rotating components on the dynamic parameters of the system, including starting loads, operating modes, and overall energy consumption of the conveyor line, was analyzed.
It is shown that the use of modern polymer materials allows reducing the roller mass by more than two times without deterioration of operational characteristics. This contributes to improved energy efficiency, reduced wear of drive units, and increased service life of the equipment.
Criteria for selecting the manufacturing technology depending on production volume, strength requirements, and operating conditions are determined.

This work presents the development and experimental validation of a technology for producing WCCo metal-ceramic coatings by high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying, intended for strengthening and restoring components of military equipment. The coatings were deposited on 12Kh18N10T stainless steel substrates at various spraying distances (300-400 mm). The microstructure, phase composition, surface roughness, microhardness, as well as the tribological and corrosion properties of the obtained coatings were investigated. It was established that the spraying distance has a decisive effect on the formation of the coating structure and its service properties. The optimal spraying regime ensures the formation of a dense lamellar structure with minimal porosity, preservation of the primary WC carbide phase, and limited decarburization to W₂C. It was shown that the microhardness of the coatings is 6-7 times higher than that of the base steel, while the friction coefficient and corrosion rate are significantly reduced compared to the substrate. The obtained results confirm the prospects of WC-Co HVOF coatings for improving the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and operational reliability of military equipment components operating under high mechanical loads and aggressive environments.

The study examines the influence of clearances in mechanical transmissions on the positioning accuracy of the drive. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the presence of backlash in gear, worm and screw drives is a structurally inevitable consequence of technological tolerances, assembly conditions and operational wear, and has a significant impact on the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of drive systems.
A mathematical model of an electromechanical drive has been developed, taking into account a nonlinear kinematic element of the ‘backlash’ type. The model is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and includes a proportional position controller, an inertial mechanical subsystem with damping, and a backlash simulation unit with a specified dead zone width. A numerical parametric study was conducted for different backlash values.
During the simulation, transient characteristics, time dependencies of positioning errors, and hysteresis diagrams were obtained. It was found that an increase in the gap value leads to an increase in the maximum dynamic error of the drive, which is especially pronounced in reverse motion modes. It was shown that in the studied range, the dependence of the maximum error on the parameter ∆ is monotonic and close to linear. The constructed hysteresis characteristic confirms the nonlinear nature of the phenomenon under consideration and demonstrates the formation of an insensitivity zone with a width of 2∆.
The scientific novelty of the work consists in the quantitative assessment of the dependence of the maximum dynamic positioning error on the gap value based on a unified nonlinear dynamic model of the drive, as well as in a comprehensive analysis of the influence of backlash using transient characteristics and hysteresis diagrams.
The results obtained allow for a quantitative assessment of the permissible backlash value when designing drives for high-precision mechanisms and can serve as a basis for the development of algorithmic or design methods for backlash compensation.

Diseases associated with iodine deficiency are currently among the most widespread endemic disorders worldwide. This condition poses a significant threat to public health, contributing to an increase in thyroid gland pathologies, including a higher incidence and severity of goiter. The issue is particularly relevant for the Abai region and other areas of Kazakhstan, where comprehensive measures are required to improve the overall health of the population. One of the effective ways to address this problem is the development and production of new types of iodine-enriched meat products, which help prevent and treat iodine deficiency. In this regard, optimizing the formulation of cooked sausage products and incorporating seaweed (Laminaria) and the «Iodoactiv» food supplement – both sources of organic iodine – represent an important and promising direction in improving dietary nutrition and strengthening public health. During the study, the mathematical modeling method (linear programming) was applied, and the optimal ratio of protein to fat in the finished product was determined to be 1:(1.0±0.3). When developing therapeutic and preventive food products, the main requirement is to design a formulation that provides a sufficient amount of protein containing essential amino acids and a fatty acid composition close to the reference scale recommended by FAO/WHO. Experimental studies have shown that the addition of iodine-containing components improves the product's water-holding capacity, structural stability, and organoleptic properties. Furthermore, the retention rate of organic iodine in the finished product ranges from 45-60%. The proposed recipes enhance the nutritional and biological value of cooked sausages and are recommended as a functional dietary product effective for the prevention of iodine deficiency.

This article experimentally evaluated the effect of a mixture of plant origin on the pigment myoglobin, which plays an important role in the color formation of poultry. During the research work, experimental samples were prepared on the basis of four different types of poultry, and two different samples were prepared for each of them. In the first, only nitrite salt was used, in the second, nitrite salt was added along with rosehip powder. The mixture of plant origin made it possible to relatively determine its influence on the state of myoglobin and the color of meat. Experiments were carried out using colorimetric analysis methods and the main color indicators of meat samples were determined. The results of the study showed that in samples with the addition of rosehip powder, there was a preservation of the intensity of the red color and an increase in color fastness. It was found that the antioxidant properties of the mixture of plant origin slow down the processes of oxidation of myoglobin and contribute to improving the appearance of meat. The use of a plant-based additive made it possible to comparatively assess the redox state of myoglobin and the color characteristics of meat. The studies were carried out using colorimetric analysis methods, and color changes were evaluated according to the Munsell, XYZ, and CIELab systems. The obtained results showed that in goose and duck meat samples with the addition of rosehip powder, the color shifted toward the red region, while the decrease in lightness (V = 4.4-5.8) is explained by a higher concentration of myoglobin. At the same time, broiler chicken and turkey meat shifted toward the pink–orange region, and an increase in lightness values (V = 7.5-7.8) was observed. These changes in color and lightness confirm the effect of using nitrite salt and rosehip powder on the formation of meat color.

This article examines waste-free recycling of secondary raw materials in the dairy industry. Whey's high quality and safety, adequate caloric value, digestibility, optimal nutrient balance, and biological and physiological completeness characterize its nutritional value. Moreover, whey's energy value is lower than that of skim milk, while its biological value is approximately the same, indicating its potential for use in the production of dietary foods. Methods for producing a healthy beverage by adding plant-based ingredients to whey, a byproduct of cottage cheese production, and the conditions for introducing these ingredients into mass consumption are discussed. A new beverage has been developed using blackcurrants and black currants as plant-based ingredients. The study resulted in the development of a finished product fortified with plant-based ingredients for beverages based on whey, a secondary raw material remaining during cottage cheese production. Its physicochemical and organoleptic properties are evaluated. It was found that the dry matter content of the drink and the pH value varied depending on the type and concentration of herbal additives. It was revealed that herbal additives significantly contributed to the nutritional and biological value of whey-based drinks. The rich content of natural antioxidants, vitamins, organic acids and pectins in caline berries and black currants increased the biological activity of the finished product. The results of the study showed that the protein mass proportion in a drink with calla berries and black currants selected as optimal was 1,56%, the amount of dry matter – 5,3%, the lactose mass proportion – 4,7%, the pH value – 3,96, as well as the vitamin C quantity – 1,8%, and the amount of food fibers – 0,15%.

Against the background of increasing demand for functional meat products, the development of pâté with functional components based on unconventional meat raw material is a pressing task. The aim of this study was to substantiate the formulation and processing technology of camel meat pâté enriched with psyllium and lingonberry powder, as well as to assess the effect of these functional ingredients on the chemical composition and microbiological indicators of the finished product. In the course of the research, experimental (psyllium – 1,5%; lingonberry powder – 1,5%) and control samples were produced according to a unified technological scheme including cooking and subsequent sterilisation. According to the analytical results, the incorporation of psyllium and lingonberry powder slightly reduced the protein and fat content, but increased the proportion of carbohydrates and the concentrations of vitamin C (from 0,1 to 0,99 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (from 0,2 to 1,12 mg/100 g). The experimental pâté sample also exhibited lower pH values, peroxide value and acid value, and higher water-holding capacity. The count of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in the experimental sample (2,1×10² CFU/g) was almost twice as low as in the control (4,7×10² CFU/g) and substantially below the limit established by regulatory documentation (1×10³ CFU/g). Analysis of the amino acid composition of the experimental sample demonstrated a high integral biological value of the finished product (118,71%). The results obtained are consistent with literature data on the effect of dietary fibre and berry powders on meat systems and allow the developed camel meat pâté, enriched with psyllium and lingonberry powder, to be recommended as a promising object for further research.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the physicochemical, organoleptic, and colorimetric characteristics of plant-based beverages obtained from oat, amaranth, and triticale grains, with the aim of assessing their technological suitability as a matrix for the production of fermented plant products. The key chemical composition parameters (protein, fat, carbohydrates, and dry matter), rheological properties (viscosity), acidity (pH), and osmolarity of the beverages were determined. The oat beverage was found to have the most balanced profile: increased water-soluble protein content, high viscosity, optimal osmolarity, and a stable pH, owing to the presence of β-glucans, which ensure colloidal stability and the formation of a uniform texture. Organoleptic evaluation revealed the superiority of the oat beverage in terms of aroma, flavor, and structural properties. Colorimetric measurements confirmed its high lightness and minimal content of colored compounds. The amaranth beverage demonstrated satisfactory sensory and structural characteristics due to its increased protein and lipid content, while the triticale beverage demonstrated lower technological stability but acceptable flavor. The obtained data demonstrate the technological potential of oat raw materials for advanced processing and the development of fermented plant products for functional purposes, and also point to the potential of amaranth as an alternative raw material component.

The article examines the prospects of using stevia extract (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in the production of isotonic beverages. The main focus is on the development of a technological scheme for obtaining a highquality hydro-alcoholic stevia extract and its integration into the beverage formulation to reduce energy value while maintaining isotonic and organoleptic characteristics. The composition of the hydro-alcoholic extractant was calculated and optimized for the efficient extraction of steviol glycosides, which provide intense sweetness with a minimum content of dry substances. Reference and experimental beverage samples were developed, in which sugar syrup was replaced with stevia extract, while maintaining the full electrolyte profile (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and physiological isotonicity. Organoleptic and physicochemical evaluations of the beverages were conducted, including indicators of clarity, taste, sweetness, acidity, osmolarity, and storage stability. The results obtained showed that the experimental sample possesses reduced calorie content, a harmonious taste, and stability comparable to the reference beverage. The study confirms that the use of stevia extract enables the creation of functional low-calorie isotonic beverages, expanding the target consumer audience to include individuals monitoring carbohydrate metabolism. The developed formulations and technologies can be recommended for industrial implementation, ensuring a combination of safety, physiological benefits, and consumer appeal.

The article presents the results of a study on the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the structural, mechanical, and functional properties of bovine rumen. The relevance of using secondary meat raw materials in the meat processing industry is considered in terms of rational utilization and expansion of the product range. Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate the influence of ultrasound in different media (whey, citric acid solution, acetic acid solution, and saline solution (NaCl) ) on the quality indicators of rumen. It was found that the choice of medium has a significant effect on water-binding and water-holding capacities, pH, organoleptic characteristics, color, and product mass loss. Citric acid ensured the stabilization of water-holding capacity but was accompanied by high mass losses; acetic acid caused a sharp decrease in water-binding capacity; saline solution had a positive effect on water retention but led to medium alkalization. The mildest effect was observed with whey, which preserved the basic properties of the raw material. The findings indicate the prospects of using ultrasound to improve the technological value of by-products and to develop resourcesaving technologies in meat processing.

The article presents the results of a study aimed at improving the production technology of zhaya made from horse meat using an aqueous lingonberry extract as a natural source of biologically active compounds. It was found that during the preparation of the aqueous lingonberry extract, the best results among the studied concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% were obtained at a 10% concentration. At this concentration, an increased extraction of phenolic components and anthocyanins into the lingonberry extract was observed. It was determined that the addition of a 10% extract at the salting stage in an amount of 5.0% of the product mass to zhaya meat products contributes to a reduction in the intensity of oxidative processes, an increase in antioxidant activity, and stabilization of the natural color of zhaya. Comparative experiments between the traditional method of zhaya production and a combined method using convective drying demonstrated that the combined processing regime is more technologically rational and convenient for application, as it ensures a reduction in thiobarbituric acid values (TBA value) and peroxide value while simultaneously forming higher organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. The obtained experimental data indicate that the use of an aqueous lingonberry extract is a justified and effective approach to improving the quality and organoleptic characteristics of the national meat product zhaya made from horse meat.

This article examines the technology for producing semi-finished products from radiation-treated meat and evaluates the effect of such treatment on the shelf life of the final product. The study analyzes modern approaches to the use of radiation processing of meat as an effective method for improving the microbiological safety of meat raw materials and preserving their quality. The main technological stages of semi-finished product manufacturing are described, including raw material preparation, radiation treatment using ionizing radiation at optimized doses, product preparation, packaging, and storage. Particular attention is paid to the influence of irradiation on the microbiological parameters, physicochemical properties, nutritional and biological value of meat semi-finished products. It is shown that radiation treatment significantly reduces the amount of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora, slows down microbiological spoilage and oxidative changes, thereby extending the shelf life of raw materials and finished products compared to traditional technologies. Compliance with optimal irradiation doses ensures the preservation of the protein, fat, and amino acid composition of meat, as well as satisfactory organoleptic characteristics. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of introducing the technology for producing semi-finished products from radiation-treated meat raw materials into the food industry in order to ensure product safety, stable quality, and extended shelf life

This study provides a detailed examination of the technology for producing protein – mineral products from poultry meat-and-bone raw materials through enzymatic bioconversion using the enzyme pepsin. A comprehensive set of investigations is presented, including analysis of the chemical composition, as well as the study of physicochemical and functional-technological properties of the resulting products in the form of minced-like masses and freeze-dried powders. It was established that enzymatic treatment ensures effective degradation of protein–collagen complexes, promoting the formation of short-chain peptides with high biological value. The application of freeze-drying made it possible to preserve and concentrate nutrients, as well as to enhance the stability and shelf life of the final products. Acidity values (pH ranging from 6.2 to 6.9) and water activity levels (from 0.25 to 0.99) confirm the microbiological safety of the samples. The maximum protein content in the powders reached up to 55.4%, while mineral substances accounted for up to 29.7%, indicating their high nutritional value. The powdered ingredients demonstrated excellent technological properties, including high waterholding capacity (182.5%) and fat-holding capacity (135%), making them promising for use in meat products as functional components. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of enzymatic bioconversion using pepsin and demonstrate the scientific and practical significance of this technology in the development of nextgeneration protein–mineral food additives.

The article presents the results of the assessment of heavy metal and radionuclide content in lamb depending on the type of thermal processing. The object of the study was lamb muscle tissue subjected to boiling, frying, and stewing under conditions typical for culinary practice. The concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), as well as radionuclides cesium-137 (Cs-137) and strontium-90 (Sr90), were determined using instrumental analytical methods after acid digestion and radiometric measurements. It was established that the initial content of toxic and radioactive elements in raw lamb did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations regulated by sanitary and hygienic standards. The results showed that thermal processing significantly affects the redistribution and relative concentration of contaminants in the finished product. Boiling resulted in a pronounced decrease in heavy metal content (Pb by 58.6%, Cd by 56.7%, As by 18.2%) and radionuclide activity (Cs-137 by 69.8%, Sr-90 by 40.0%) due to their partial migration into the cooking broth. Frying led to a relative increase in the concentration of several elements, particularly Pb and Sr-90, as a result of moisture loss and product mass reduction, while stewing demonstrated intermediate effects. The obtained results confirm the necessity of considering the method of thermal processing when assessing lamb food safety and substantiate boiling as the most preferable method for minimizing toxic and radioactive element intake.

The article examines horsemeat as a valuable and traditional food source in the culture of people of Central Asia, highlighting its unique nutritional benefits. The main aim of the article is to provide a scientific review of key research on horsemeat and to identify prospective directions for its further study. Compared to beef, pork and poultry, horsemeat contains 20% less fat and cholesterol, while being rich in unsaturated fatty acids and iron, which allows it to be considered a healthy alternative to other types of meat, At the same time, horsemeat as a food product remains relatively under-researched. In the context of a changing climate, the need for further studies on horsemeat to ensure food security is justified. The article discusses various methods of horsemeat processing, including fermentation and thermal treatment, the development of new products, as well as effects of factors such as animal age and storage conditions on meat quality. In addition, innovative approaches to creating new products (sausages, canned goods, semi-finished products) that can satisfy diverse taste and dietary needs are considered. The technological characteristics of horsemeat ana analyzed, along with ways to use it effectively in the food industry.

The butter formation process depends on the physical ripening of cream, cream churning, and butter grain processing. Various methods are used to improve and intensify this process, depending on the application of the theory of cream butter churning and the physical processes occurring during churning. This paper investigates the effect of whey protein concentrate WPC-60 on the cream churning and butter formation process in the production of butter with a fat content of 82.5%, with the aim of intensifying the process. The whey protein concentrate was added in the form of a cream module (dissolving WPC-60 powder in cream) at a ratio of 1:3. During cream churning, it was proposed to add WPC-60 in the form of a cream module introduced into the churned cream in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 1.5%. Experiments were carried out during summer and winter periods under different churning temperature regimes. The butter formation process, fat content in buttermilk, actual butter yield, degree of milk fat utilization, moisture mass fraction, amount of free (leaking) fat, and butter thermal stability were studied. It was found that the use of WPC-60 contributes to accelerating the churning process, reducing fat losses into buttermilk, and increasing the degree of milk fat utilization compared to control samples. The most effective regimes were: in the summer period – temperature of 6-8°C with the addition of 1% WPC-60; in the winter period – temperature of 10-12°C with the addition of 1.5% WPC60. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of using whey protein concentrate WPC-60 in the batch churning method for the production of butter with a fat content of 82.5% and improved quality indicators.

This study presents the development and scientific substantiation of an innovative biotechnology for the production of fermented fish patties based on Nile tilapia (Tilapia nilotica) enriched with shrimp homogenate and a multistrain microbial culture including Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens, Lactobacillus fermentum, and the probiotic strain Escherichia coli 64G. The research involved comprehensive evaluation of structural, rheological, spectral, and microbiological characteristics using texture profile analysis (TPA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and statistical analysis (ANOVA). Fermentation induced intensive proteolysis and restructuring of the protein matrix, resulting in a 27-34% reduction in hardness, increased cohesiveness and elasticity, and a 12-18% increase in water-holding capacity. FTIR analysis revealed redistribution of protein secondary structures, while SEM visualization confirmed the formation of a dense and homogeneous gel network with reduced porosity. Microbiological assessment demonstrated a 1.5-2.0 log reduction in total viable counts and suppression of yeast and mold microflora, confirming a natural biopreservative effect and extended shelf life. Sensory evaluation showed improved juiciness, texture, and overall acceptability. The developed technology demonstrates high scalability and strong potential for industrial implementation in functional and gerodietetic food production.

This article investigates the impact of technogenic phosphorus-containing waste on the ecological condition of the aquatic ecosystem of the Lenger River, located in the southern region of Kazakhstan. Water samples were collected in June 2025 from five sites characterized by different levels of anthropogenic load. Laboratory experiments were conducted using river water samples and technogenic waste rock materials with the addition of phosphorus-containing residues at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1.0%; control samples did not contain any additional impurities. Incubation was carried out for 72 hours at a temperature of 22-24°C under natural light conditions.
Taxonomic analysis revealed representatives of phytoplankton and protozoa belonging to the divisions Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, and Protozoa. Among green algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda predominated; diatoms were represented mainly by Navicula vulpina and Fragillaria austriaca; euglenophytes included Euglena agilis and Phacus brevicaudatus. Samples also contained cyanoprokaryotes (Oscillatoria, Anabaena) and protozoa (Paramecium, Arcella, Euplotes), indicating high trophic status and organic pollution of the water.
At concentrations of 0.1-0.3%, active development of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda was observed, whereas at 0.5-1.0% most species exhibited growth inhibition, decreased water transparency, and the formation of organo-mineral sediments. Diatom algae showed the highest sensitivity to phosphate contamination.
The obtained results demonstrate that low concentrations of phosphorus-containing wastes enhance the photosynthetic activity of microalgae, indicating their ability to utilize these substances as nutrient sources. However, increasing concentrations to threshold levels lead to destabilization of aquatic communities and degradation of the biocenosis. Thus, the revealed patterns confirm that microalgae and protozoa can be effectively used as reliable bioindicators of anthropogenic impact and ecological status in small river ecosystems of Kazakhstan.

The research presented in this article is devoted to a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional and biological value of powder obtained from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (jujube) fruits as a functional plant-based ingredient. Fruits grown in the Shelek district of the Almaty region were used as the research object. The fruits were dehydrated at a temperature of 45 °C and processed into powder form.
The physicochemical composition of the powder was determined using standardized methods: moisture content was 6.31%, carbohydrates 67.12%, dietary fiber 8.66%, protein 5.62%, and fat 3.63%. The low moisture content was found to contribute to improved storage stability of the powder. B-group vitamins and vitamin C were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis, while the mineral composition was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.
The results showed that jujube powder is rich in potassium (657.38 mg/100 g) and contains significant amounts of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron. The high levels of vitamin C (39.57 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (0.74%) confirm its pronounced antioxidant potential.
The obtained data indicate that Ziziphus jujuba fruit powder can be considered a promising plant-based ingredient for use in the production of functional food products and dietary supplements.

This research work is dedicated to a comprehensive study of the changes in the physicochemical properties of wheat, green buckwheat, and oat grains during germination. The main objective of the study is to scientifically justify the possibility of obtaining functional products with high nutritional value by assessing the qualitative and functional indicators of germinated grains.
During the study, water activity, pH level, moisture content, organoleptic characteristics, and functional-technological properties of the grains were determined. Additionally, the method of sublimation drying of germinated grains was applied, and the physicochemical and technological properties of the powdered products were examined. According to the results, green buckwheat showed the highest water activity (0.9905), and its mass increased from 200 to 309 grams. This indicates high storage stability and good moisture absorption capacity of the grain. Wheat and oats also demonstrated certain technological advantages.
The study results contribute to improving new technologies for the efficient use of plant raw materials, as well as to the development of functional and biologically valuable products in the food industry. These products can be widely used as dietary supplements or natural ingredients, enhancing the quality and safety of the final products.

Vegetable oils and products based on them have become an essential component of the dietary pattern of the population of Kazakhstan in recent years. Along with sunflower oil, the vegetable oils produced in Kazakhstan include rapeseed, safflower, corn, and cottonseed oils. In order to expand the range of vegetable oils in the country, it is important to develop and implement highly efficient technologies for processing rare and non-traditional oil-bearing crops, including melon and pumpkin seeds.
The article considers the possibility of using cucurbit crops for the production of vegetable oils. As a result, technologies for producing vegetable oils from cucurbit seeds were developed. In the production of vegetable oils, non-traditional raw materials for the oil and fat industry, namely melon and pumpkin seeds, were used. The chemical composition and physicochemical parameters of pumpkin seeds were investigated.
The physicochemical properties of oils obtained by cold pressing of melon and pumpkin seeds were determined. The study of oils derived from melon and pumpkin seeds showed that their quality indicators comply with the standards for the highest grade of unrefined sunflower oil. Therefore, the processing of melon and pumpkin seeds makes it possible to expand the assortment of vegetable oils.
In addition, the processing of cucurbit seeds contributes to the integrated utilization of agricultural raw materials. Research in this area helps to expand the raw material base of the domestic oil and fat industry and reduce dependence on imports. Oils obtained from melon and pumpkin seeds can be used not only for food purposes but also in the production of functional and preventive food products. Thus, the use of non-traditional oil-bearing raw materials is relevant from both scientific and industrial perspectives.

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the modern directions, methodologies, and scientific research in the development of functional and low-calorie meat products. The relevance of this area is explained by the increasing interest of the population in healthy nutrition, as well as the growing requirements for the safety and quality of food products. The study analyzed issues related to reducing fat, cholesterol, and nitrite content in meat products, as well as the possibilities of enriching them with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, plant-based proteins, probiotics, prebiotics, collagen, inulin, and other functional additives. In addition, various technological approaches were examined, including the use of vegetable oils, incorporation of protein hydrolysates, preparation of two-phase emulsions, and application of innovative industrial methods. The effects of these methods on the structural, microbiological, organoleptic, and nutritional quality of the products were evaluated in detail. The results demonstrated that functional ingredients can enhance the biological value of meat products, improve taste and consumer properties, reduce calorie content, and increase product stability and quality. This research confirms the practical significance of producing low-calorie and functional meat products, as well as the prospects for their application in industrial meat processing and largescale production.

Fish preserves are currently in high demand among consumers due to their high nutritional value and naturalness. At the same time, the main goals of canned fish producers are to provide the market with products that last as long as possible and have not lost their nutritional and biological value. This article discusses the results of a study of organoleptic parameters and physico-chemical properties of a combined preserve of cinnamon rosehip extract (rosa cinnamomea) RE2.5%; RE 3.5%; RE 4.5% by weight of Maikan fish. The scheme and modes of obtaining cinnamon rosehip extract (rosa cinnamomea) and the amount of Maikan fish preserve per serving were also substantiated. The protein composition of the samples of preserves RE 2.5; RE3.5 and RE4.5 prepared from Maikan d fish was 9.51±0.07; 9.21±0.05 and 8.92±0.05, respectively. The fat composition was 15.27±0.03; 15.84±0.02 and 16.71±0.05, respectively, which showed an increase in fat content with an increase in the number of RE. The amount of RE3.5 showed a high assessment of the organoleptic properties of fish preserves from Maikan fish. In further research, other properties of preserves made from Maikan fish with the addition of rose hips extract (rosa cinnamomea) will be studied. The research work can be used by enterprises processing fish products.

This article addresses the issues of improving the technology for producing low-calorie cooked sausages through the use of plant-based functional ingredients. At present, there is a growing public demand for healthy and balanced nutrition, which necessitates the modernization of meat product formulations, reducing their energy value while simultaneously enhancing their nutritional and biological quality. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to develop a functional, low-calorie, and high-quality meat product by improving the technology of traditional cooked sausages.
During the study, hydrated powder from sprouted quinoa seeds and inulin were incorporated into the product formulation. The impact of these plant-based additives on the structural and mechanical properties of the sausage mass, technological performance indicators, water-binding capacity, as well as the nutritional and functional quality of the final product, was comprehensively examined. The chemical composition of the finished product, including protein, fat, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber content, was determined, and its energy value was calculated. Additionally, organoleptic characteristics, microbiological safety, and storage stability were evaluated to ensure overall product quality and consumer acceptability.
The results demonstrated that the use of plant-based additives enhances the structural stability of the sausages, improves their juiciness, taste, and overall sensory attributes, and positively affects consumer preferences. Reducing the fat content allowed the protein level to be maintained while enriching the product with dietary fibers, thereby increasing its functional and nutritional value. The application of these ingredients makes the product more suitable for health-conscious consumers and expands its potential for industrial production within the meat processing sector.
In conclusion, the findings of this study confirm the practical significance of producing low-calorie cooked sausages with high biological value and pronounced functional properties. Moreover, they highlight the prospects for the broader application of such innovative products in the meat processing industry, contributing to the development of healthier and competitive meat products.

The article presents research on the development of a test system for the determination of organophosphate compounds in milk. Based on our research, we selected a hydrolytic enzyme with the highest specific activity and, accordingly, highly sensitive to the inhibitory properties of carbophos in milk, namely, acetylcholinesterase.
The basis for the creation of express methods for the determination of pesticides are physico-chemical, microbiological, biochemical, molecular biological and immunological methods, and they are constantly being improved.
Theoretical and experimental studies were applied in the article.
Experimental studies were conducted on the basis of generally accepted, modified and standard research methods of physico-chemical, organoleptic, rheological, hygienic safety indicators of research objects, as well as the specific activity of enzymes.
Since milk is a complex polydisperse system, the choice of an enzyme with a higher specific activity is an important factor. According to literature data, hydrolytic enzymes (acetylcholinesterases and butyrylcholinesterases) are highly sensitive to the inhibitory properties of carbophos, which is manifested in a decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme.
The results of the experimental studies have shown that of the two hydrolytic enzymes, the highest specific activity is shown by acetylcholinesterase versus butyrylcholinesterase in both aqueous and milk environments.

The domestic dairy market is currently characterized by intense competition across all segments. Under these conditions, expanding the product range, developing innovative technologies, and producing functional foods that meet modern consumer demands are of particular importance. In a highly competitive environment, effective presentation of a new product and its proper positioning among similar products represent key strategic objectives. Therefore, this study aims to determine the consumer positioning of an enriched curd-based pudding in comparison with analogous products available on the market.
This research is devoted to exploring the possibilities of using locally sourced plant-based raw materials in the production of a curd pudding product. During the study, the component composition of a pudding produced on the basis of curd whey with the incorporation of plant ingredients was determined, and the technological parameters and processing regimes were developed. A series of experimental studies was carried out to optimize the technological process, focusing on the assessment of the influence of physicochemical properties of raw materials on the quality and stability of the finished product.
Comprehensive analyses of the finished curd pudding were conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory standards. As a result, its organoleptic, physicochemical, and structural-mechanical properties were determined, and its nutritional value, shelf-life stability, and consumer characteristics were evaluated. The obtained results demonstrate the functional orientation, safety, and competitiveness of the developed product in the dairy market.

The effective utilisation of meat from culled cows presents a significant technical challenge for the meat industry due to the variability of its functional and processing properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of the probiotic culture Lactobacillus sakei and fortification with the trace elements selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) on the quality, oxidative stability and microbiological safety of meat products made from culled cows. The effect of Lactobacillus sakei in combination with a 50% reduction in sodium nitrite levels on the microbiological parameters of raw meat during maturation was investigated. The use of L. sakei significantly reduced the total microbial count (from 6.4 to 5.6 log CFU/g) and inhibited the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms, including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.) were not detected. Samples of meat products containing L. Sakei and enriched with L-selenomethionine (0.525 mg/kg) and zinc citrate (150 mg/kg) were examined for their physicochemical and organoleptic properties. The peroxide value was assessed whilst the samples were stored in a refrigerator (4 °C, 30 days). Enrichment with micronutrients reduced lipid oxidation: after 30 days, the peroxide values were lower than in the control samples. The pH values (5.76-5.82) and water activity (0.958-0.962) remained stable, whilst water-holding capacity increased by 4% in the experimental samples. Sensory evaluation showed comparable quality between the control and experimental samples in terms of color, taste and appearance, whilst the texture and tenderness of the experimental samples were improved. The results demonstrate that the combined use of Lactobacillus sakei and micronutrient fortification (Se and Zn) can improve the oxidative stability and processing properties of meat products made from culled cows, whilst maintaining microbiological safety and sensory quality.

This article examines the relationship between structural and mechanical properties, such as water-binding capacity and pH, of sausages prepared with the addition of biologically active additives. Currently, to improve human nutrition and health, the rational use of natural products of plant and animal origin, as well as natural mineral sources, which have been used by humanity for decades, is becoming increasingly important. Products that meet healthy nutritional requirements primarily include products with various functional uses, including biologically active food additives. This study aims to ensure adequate human nutrition, as well as disease prevention, and improve human health and performance.
The study substantiated the addition of 10% biological additive to cooked sausages. A new recipe was developed and a technology for cooking sausages with the addition of biological additives was proposed. Comprehensive studies of the composition of cooked sausages were conducted. It has been proven that a biological additive based on plant and animal raw materials positively influences the nutritional and biological properties of cooked sausages, while functional ingredients improve the quality of the finished product and enhance its shelf life. Studies were conducted to determine the physicochemical, structural, mechanical, and organoleptic properties of the finished product.

The article presents the results of an energy audit of a multi-storey residential building in the city of Semey. The object of the study is a panel residential building located on Fizkultura Street, which was selected because its heat consumption is higher than that of similar buildings and visible signs of increased heat losses are observed on its façades. The aim of the work is to determine heat losses through the building envelope using thermographic techniques and to justify a set of technical and organizational measures aimed at improving its thermal and energy efficiency.
Infrared thermography (with an Easir-9 thermal imager), heat engineering calculations and normative approaches to estimating the annual heat consumption were used as the main research methods. During the measurements, the outdoor and indoor air temperatures, surface emissivity, distance to the object and the basic metrological characteristics of the instrument were taken into account. As a result, concentrated areas of thermal bridges were identified at panel joints, window openings, the plinth zone and engineering nodes, which make a significant contribution to the total heat losses of the building.
The proposed set of energy-saving measures includes additional façade insulation, hydraulic balancing of the heating system, installation of radiator thermostatic valves and implementation of heat metering devices. The economic assessment has shown that the implementation of these measures can reduce heat consumption by approximately 15-20% and decrease operation and maintenance costs for the residents. The practical significance of the study lies in providing a comprehensive approach that can be applied to the existing housing stock, as well as in forming a methodological basis for similar buildings in Semey and other cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The deformation properties of soy okara at various moisture contents were studied using a Structurometer ST-2. The dependencies of absolute deformation, relative deformation, mechanical stress, and modulus of elasticity on moisture content in the samples were established. The absolute deformation varied from 4.33 mm at 28% moisture to 17.04 mm at 76%, while relative deformation ranged from 0.072 to 0.284 under the same conditions. The modulus of elasticity ranged from 6815 g/cm² at 28% moisture to 1729 g/cm² at 76%. It was shown that at a moisture content of 40-56%, an optimal combination of particle mechanical stability and heat transfer intensity is achieved, resulting in an 8-12% reduction in specific energy consumption and improved thermal stability. The obtained dependencies of absolute and relative deformation, mechanical stress, and modulus of elasticity make it possible to justify rational vortex drying modes, which are practically significant for thermal energy processes of food material dehydration. It was demonstrated that deformation characteristics are directly related to energy consumption during vortex drying, affecting the uniformity of heat and mass transfer and the efficiency of heat utilization. The obtained results can be used to calculate vortex drying parameters, reduce energy consumption in heat and mass transfer processes, and design energyefficient drying units.

This article presents a scientific review of recent publications focused on the thermophysical properties of antifreezes and nanofluids based on ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerin, used in thermal power and engineering systems. The main types of low-temperature heat transfer fluids, their operating temperature ranges, and key requirements for their use in cold climates characteristic of regions with sharply continental temperature conditions are examined.
Special attention is given to analyzing the effects of adding metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures (Al₂O₃, CuO, TiO₂, SiO₂, ZnO, CNT, graphene) on the thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat capacity of glycol-based heat transfer fluids. It is shown that the introduction of nanoparticles significantly increases the thermal conductivity coefficient and heat transfer intensity, but is accompanied by an increase in viscosity, which may lead to higher hydraulic losses and increased energy consumption for circulating the heat transfer fluid.
Within the scope of this work, a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications from 2020 to 2025 was conducted, identifying leading countries and research centers actively developing this field. The results confirm the potential of using nanomodified antifreezes to improve the energy efficiency of thermal engineering systems and emphasize the necessity of optimizing the composition and concentration of nanoparticle additives for practical applications.

This study investigates the effect of oxygen pressure during high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying on the formation and structural-phase characteristics of ZrCN coatings deposited on 65G steel. The coatings were produced using the Termika-3 system under fixed parameters of fuel, air flow, and spray distance, with oxygen pressure varied in the range of 4.0-4.5 bar. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the main coating matrix consists of a Zr(C,N) solid solution with a face-centered cubic lattice (Fm-3m). Increasing the O₂ pressure leads to partial thermal decomposition of ZrCN and the formation of ZrC, ZrN, and oxide phases such as t-ZrO₂. Oxygen enrichment of the coatings results in grain refinement and lattice parameter expansion. The microhardness of the coatings (a-c) reaches 1512-1857 HV, which corresponds to an approximately fivefold increase relative to the initial sample. Based on the obtained results, it was shown that regulating the oxygen pressure in the HVOF jet significantly affects the phase composition, morphology, and adhesion quality, providing an optimal combination of hardness, ductility, and thermal stability.

The article presents a review of recent studies devoted to the thermophysical properties of metalworking fluids (MWFs) and nanomodified lubricants used under Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) conditions in metal machining processes. The main types of MWFs – oil-based, water-based, and emulsified fluids – are considered, along with their thermophysical characteristics and operational requirements under intensive cutting conditions.
Special attention is paid to the effect of adding various nanoparticles (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂, ZnO, graphene, etc.) on enhancing the thermal conductivity of MWFs, as well as reducing friction, viscosity, density, and specific heat capacity. The analysis of publications made it possible to evaluate the potential of nanomodified MWFs in MQL technology.
The research findings indicate that the use of nanomodified MWFs increases heat transfer intensity, reduces tool wear, and improves machining efficiency by optimizing fluid consumption. In addition, the need to regulate the MWF composition and nanoparticle concentration to optimize thermal conductivity and viscosity parameters is emphasized.
The article provides a scientific basis for further research and practical application of nanomodified MWFs under MQL conditions, contributing to the development of energy-efficient and environmentally safe metal machining processes.

Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is an effective approach for simultaneously reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and improving the energy performance of coal-fired boilers by controlling flame temperature and the composition of the working mixture. This paper presents a computational and analytical study of FGR application to the E-90-3.9/440 boiler at TPP-1 under firing of D-grade coal from the Karazhyra open-pit mine. The aim is to determine a rational FGR ratio that ensures NOx reduction while maximizing gross boiler efficiency within operational constraints. The methodology is based on a mathematical boiler heat-balance model and processing of operational data before and after FGR activation; changes in flue gas composition and heat losses were assessed as the recirculation fraction was varied.
The results show that, within the considered FGR range, increasing recirculation is associated with a rise in calculated gross efficiency and a decrease in NOx concentration: a 1% increase in FGR raises gross efficiency by 0.25%, while NOx decreases by 9 mg/m³ . Rational performance is achieved at FGR ≈ 20%, corresponding to a calculated gross efficiency of 95.5% and a 30% reduction in NOx relative to the baseline mode. The findings confirm the feasibility of FGR as a technological solution for enhancing the environmental and operational performance of coal-fired thermal power plants in Kazakhstan.

Vegetable oils are considered promising base fluids for nanolubricants; however, their practical application is governed by the trade-off between enhanced thermal conductivity and increased viscous losses. In this work, the effect of a hybrid dispersed phase TiO₂-Al₂O₃ on the thermal conductivity λ(T) and kinematic viscosity ν(T) of nanolubricants based on olive and sunflower oils was experimentally investigated. The nanolubricants were prepared by a two-step method at a total solid-phase concentration of 2 vol.% with ultrasonic homogenization; thermal conductivity was measured using a TEMPOS analyzer, and kinematic viscosity was determined by capillary viscometry (VPZh-2) over the temperature range of 20-50°C (293-323 K).
It was found that for the base oils, ν decreases monotonically with increasing temperature, whereas the addition of TiO₂-Al₂O₃ increases the kinematic viscosity by 17,5% relative to the corresponding base oils across the entire temperature range. The thermal conductivity of the base oils varies only slightly and exhibits a moderate decrease upon heating, while the incorporation of TiO₂-Al₂O₃ increases λ by 5%. The obtained λ(T) and ν(T) relationships can be used to substantiate the selection of nanolubricant composition by accounting for the balance between heat-transfer enhancement and the rise in hydraulic losses.

This study is aimed at extending the service life of 12Kh1MF steel boiler tubes used in thermal power plants. Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings were deposited by the high-velocity oxygen–fuel (HVOF) spraying method, and their structural–phase, mechanical, tribological, and corrosion properties were investigated. It was found that preheating the substrates at different temperatures (without preheating, 100 °C, and 200 °C) significantly affects the coating morphology, porosity, and mechanical characteristics. SEM analysis revealed that the coatings exhibit low porosity, while XRD results confirmed the stability of the Cr₃C₂ phase and the ability of the NiCr matrix to effectively bind the carbide particles. This prevents coating spallation and ensures phase stability at elevated temperatures. The coatings obtained at a preheating temperature of 100 °C demonstrated the best overall performance: hardness increased up to 897.8 HV, surface roughness decreased, the coefficient of friction stabilized, and the wear track diameter reached its minimum value (712 µm). In addition, a reduced corrosion rate was observed. Overall, the results demonstrate that Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings are effective protective layers with high strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, making them suitable for application in high-temperature aggressive environments.

This work proposes a new type of fractal solar thermal power station (FSTS) based on the use of a fractal solar collector with a modular architecture. The developed FSTS is aimed at supplying local consumers with thermal energy in autonomous and remote areas, as well as for facilities with limited installation space.
A key feature of the design is the use of fractal absorbers, whose configuration allows not only efficient absorption of direct solar radiation but also the utilization of reflected sunlight for additional electricity generation. For this purpose, photovoltaic (PV) elements are placed on the rear side of the absorbers, converting the reflected radiation into electricity.
The combined use of a fractal collector for simultaneous generation of thermal and electrical energy increases the overall efficiency of solar insolation utilization and contributes to higher energy density of the installation. The article evaluates the efficiency (coefficient of performance, COP) of the FSTS, examines energy losses, thermal balance characteristics, and factors affecting energy conversion efficiency. Additionally, the key advantages of the proposed design are outlined, including installation flexibility, enhanced reliability, and scalability, as well as potential disadvantages related to structural complexity and the need for precise calculation of the geometry of fractal elements.

In this paper, we propose a synthesis of calcium silicate from rice husk and a comprehensive assessment of its physicochemical and adsorption properties. The sorbent was obtained by alkaline extraction of silica contained in rice husk with sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation with calcium chloride. The proposed method ensures rational use of agricultural waste, reduces the burden on the environment and is cost-effective. Microwave irradiation was used in the synthesis, which significantly reduces the process time and increases the efficiency of silica extraction in the form of a sodium silicate solution. To improve the structural and adsorption characteristics of the obtained calcium silicate, the material was subjected to heat treatment in the temperature range of 300-900°C. According to the results, optimal properties were observed at a temperature of 700°C. It was at this temperature that the material showed high adsorption activity for iodine (56%), increased developed porosity and favorable specific surface properties. X-ray diffraction analysis, morphological studies and elemental composition assessment confirmed the structural stability, resistance to processing and high efficiency of the synthesized sample. The structural features of the material contributed to an increase in the adsorption rate and demonstrated its adaptability to water treatment conditions. This additionally contributed to the acceleration of the process and an increase in silica extraction, increased productivity and increased resource efficiency. In general, the obtained results characterize calcium silicate as a promising adsorbent for water purification from organic and inorganic pollutants. The proposed method allows for the wide use of environmentally friendly, technologically simple and accessible raw materials. The results of this scientific study create a solid basis for further applied research aimed at developing effective, inexpensive and stable sorbents and improving water quality.

The development of alternative and efficient hydrogen production routes remains a critical scientific and technological challenge. One promising approach involves hydrogen generation from water through its interaction with aluminum; however, the presence of a stable oxide layer on the aluminum surface inhibits the reaction under ambient conditions. This study aims to activate the aluminum surface by introducing sodium chloride into aqueous solutions of phosphoric and sulfuric acids and to quantify the hydrogen evolution rate. Experiments were conducted using phosphoric and sulfuric acids, chemical-grade sodium chloride, and A85 aluminum. Hydrogen production was carried out under laboratory conditions using a calibrated glass burettetype setup. The volume of evolved hydrogen was determined by measuring the volume of water displaced from the burette. The addition of sodium chloride to acidic aqueous solutions resulted in the destruction of the aluminum oxide layer and initiated aluminum-water interaction. Localized dissolution induced by chloride ions led to the formation of a porous and heterogeneous surface, significantly enhancing hydrogen evolution. In phosphoric acid solutions (1-7 mol·L^-1), the hydrogen evolution rate remained low (up to 8 mL·h^-1·cm^-2 ); however, upon addition of sodium chloride (25 g·L^-1), the rate increased to 50.02 mL·h^-1 ·cm^-2, representing a 6.25-fold enhancement. In sulfuric acid solutions (0.5^-2.5 mol·L^-1) containing sodium chloride, the hydrogen evolution rate increased from 25.27 to 108.38 mL·h^-1·cm^-2, corresponding to an approximately fivefold increase. Thus the results demonstrate the feasibility of hydrogen generation on aluminum surfaces at room temperature using acidic aqueous solutions supplemented with sodium chloride. The proposed activation approach relies on inexpensive and readily available reagents and shows potential for autonomous systems hydrogen production, including applications based on aluminum scrap.

In modern conditions, special attention is given to the development of environmentally friendly and durable binders produced using secondary and renewable resources. One of the promising approaches is the modification of petroleum binders with natural and polymer components capable of improving their performance characteristics. In this study, the modification of bitumen residue was carried out using a mixture of gossypol resin and recycled polypropylene (RPP) in the presence of potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), which served as a radical initiator. The application of FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy made it possible to identify the formation of new functional groups, an increase in binder polarity, and a more uniform distribution of the polymer phase within its structure. The conducted tests revealed improvements in the adhesive, thermal, and deformation properties of the modified material compared to the original bitumen residue. The enhancement of structural-mechanical strength and aging resistance indicates a synergistic effect between gossypol resin and RPP. The developed technology demonstrates the efficiency of utilizing cotton processing and plastic waste, offering opportunities to create sustainable, high-quality, and competitive binder systems with reduced environmental risks and expanded areas of application, including road construction, waterproofing coatings, industrial mixtures, and innovative composite materials for the construction industry.

The article provides an expert analytical review of domestic and foreign literary sources based on the tasks set to achieve the goal of developing innovative technologies for producing high-quality bitumen from by-products of oil production and processing.
Modern scientific work demonstrates the effectiveness of using polymer, mineral and biological components, as well as recycled materials to increase the durability and stability of bitumen binders. Particular attention is paid to polymer modifiers such as SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene), which increase the elasticity and strength of bitumen, reducing the likelihood of cracking and deformation. The use of recycled materials, including rubber chips, vacuum gas oil and fly ash, not only improves the properties of bitumen, but also reduces the negative impact on the environment. A promising area is the use of biomodifiers, among which lignin, a natural polymer with high chemical and thermal stability, plays a special role. Studies have shown that the introduction of lignin into bitumen improves its rheological properties, increases resistance to aging and oxidation, and increases the rigidity and strength of the coating. Lignin can act as a filler or partial replacement for bitumen, which makes it an environmentally and economically beneficial component.
The use of various modifying additives, including polymers, industrial waste and biocomponents, contributes to improving the quality of bitumen, reducing production costs, increasing the energy efficiency of technological processes and extending the service life of road surfaces. It is also important to evaluate the change in bitumen properties during the production and laying of asphalt concrete mix.

The article presents an analysis of the technological and chemical environment of the chemical processing industry and its impact on the health of workers. The purpose of the study was a hygienic assessment of working conditions at the main stages of the technological cycle, taking into account the characteristics of the technological environment and identifying the relationship between exposure to harmful chemical factors and staff morbidity. It has been established that technological processes are accompanied by intense dust formation and the release of toxic chemicals, the concentrations of which in some cases exceeded the maximum permissible levels. The structure of harmful factors was dominated by inorganic dust, including quartz-containing components, mineral fertilizer dust, slightly fibrogenic aerosols, as well as vapors and gases of inorganic compounds. Correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the effects of these factors and the development of respiratory diseases, pneumoconiosis, and gastrointestinal pathologies. The results obtained confirm the adverse impact of the technological environment of the enterprise on the health of employees and substantiate the need to develop and implement comprehensive preventive measures aimed at improving working conditions, improving staff safety and introducing «green» technologies, which contributes to the transition to environmentally friendly processes and improving the quality of life of employees.

Acrylic water-dispersion coatings occupy a significant place in the market due to their environmental friendliness, technological flexibility and versatility of application. However, in order to ensure stable performance characteristics such as adhesion, strength, elasticity and resistance to external influences, targeted modification of formulation compositions is necessary. The use of modifiers makes it possible to adapt the properties of compositions to the specific conditions of application and operation, as well as to ensure highquality paintwork. This article provides an overview of existing approaches to the use of modifiers in wateracrylic film-forming compositions and their effect on the properties of finished coatings. The purpose of the article is to systematize data on the use of modifying additives in acrylic aqueous dispersions, analyze their functional purpose, and evaluate the impact on the technological and operational characteristics of coatings. Conclusion. The review identifies current trends in the development and application of modifiers in acrylic water-dispersion systems, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize formulations, improve component compatibility, and develop new highly effective additives.

Plastic waste pollution is a global environmental problem. Therefore, the transition to environmentally friendly, biodegradable polymer materials is an urgent challenge for humanity. Thermoplastic starch is one of the most promising alternatives to synthetic polymers due to its availability, biodegradability, and elasticity. However, its limited mechanical strength and poor barrier properties restrict its application in packaging. To address these limitations, cellulose – a rigid and renewable biopolymer – was used as a reinforcing agent and modified with stearic acid to improve hydrophobicity and barrier performance. A TPS/MMCC composite was prepared via melt mixing and analyzed using tensile testing, water absorption, biodegradability, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful surface modification of cellulose. Compared with neat TPS, the composite demonstrated significantly enhanced mechanical strength, reduced water absorption and retained biodegradability. These findings suggest that TPS reinforced with stearic acid-modified cellulose is a promising environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthetic polymers for packaging applications.

Optimization of the composition of rubber compounds is a complex and multifactorial process due to the variety of components used and the complex relationships between them. Conducting a series of experimental studies to select the optimal formulation requires a significant investment of time, raw materials and laboratory resources. In this paper, an approach based on the use of mathematical modeling methods is proposed, which makes it possible to predict the properties of rubber compounds and determine their optimal composition. Special attention is paid to the use of natural zeolite and oil refining waste as modifying additives, which helps to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of production. The additives used include the organic fraction of oil sludge and natural zeolite from the Chankanai deposit. Based on a priori information, an experimental design was developed to enable the construction of adequate mathematical models using the least squares method. These models describe the relationships between the component composition and both performance properties and economic criteria. An optimization problem is then formulated based on these models, followed by an analysis of its features and the selection of the most effective solution method. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through an example of optimizing the rubber compound formulation. Modification of rubber compounds makes it possible to obtain composite materials with increased oil resistance, stable elastic and strength properties. This approach helps to reduce production costs by using affordable raw materials and simplifying the technological process. The developed computational model for determining the optimal composition of a rubber compound can be used both in scientific research and in industrial practice in the development of new formulations of elastomeric compositions.

This review comprehensively analyzes and systematizes modern modification methods aimed at improving the capacitance characteristics of two-dimensional MXene materials, primarily Ti₃C₂Tₓ and related compounds, for their use in supercapacitors and hybrid energy storage devices. The high electronic conductivity, layered structure, and chemically active surface of MXene materials make them promising electrode materials for energy storage devices. However, their practical application is characterized by a number of limitations, such as layer re-densification, limited availability of active centers, and reduced structural stability during long-cycle operation. In this review, the main modification strategies affecting the electrochemical properties of MXene materials are considered, including intercalation-based interlayer spacing control, functionalization of surface terminal groups, composite formation with carbon nanomaterials and transition metal oxides, heteroatom doping, morphological engineering, and various post-processing methods. The impact of these approaches on the ionic and electronic conductivity, pseudocondensation fraction, and cyclic stability of electrode materials is comparatively evaluated. Based on the literature data, a generalized analysis is carried out on the specific capacitance and long-term cyclic stability indicators, and practical recommendations and future research directions for optimizing MXene-based electrodes are formulated.

The article presents the results of a study on the effect of trivalent iron obtained by a bacterial-chemical method and bentonite on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater. Currently, various methods are used to treat wastewater containing detergents. One of the most common is the adsorption method, particularly using carbon-based materials as adsorbents. Wastewater treatment by coagulation is also widely applied, using coagulants such as aluminum sulfate or iron salts. The aim of the study was to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater containing detergents by applying trivalent iron obtained through a bacterial-chemical process using bentonite. The research methods included bacterial isolation and cultivation by the serial dilution method, COD determination according to GOST standards, mathematical modeling using artificial intelligence, and statistical data processing on a Pentium-IV PC using the Microsoft Excel statistical software package. As a result of the study, the possibility of using Fe₂(SO₄)₃ obtained by a bacterial-chemical method with A. ferrooxidans BIT 1 sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was established. Under conditions of combined use of bacterial–chemical trivalent iron (1.75 g/L) and bentonite (600 mg/L), the maximum COD reduction of wastewater reached 88.1±7.9%. When Fe₂(SO₄)₃ was applied at 1.75 g/L and bentonite at 100 mg/L, the COD reduction degree was 75.7%.

This study investigates the fundamental regularities of heterostructure formation based on twodimensional titanium carbides (Ti₃C₂T_x MXene) and silicon-containing modifiers of various origins. The relevance of the work is driven by the necessity to develop stable anode materials capable of mitigating the significant volume changes of silicon during electrochemical cycling. Crystalline silicon, biogenic silicon derived from rice husks, and amorphous silicon dioxide with variable dispersity were examined as precursors.The synthesis of nanocomposites was carried out using high-energy mechanochemical activation in a reducing ethanol medium. A comprehensive analysis using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the use of biogenic amorphous modifiers provides the most precise coating uniformity of MXene lamellae. It was found that the key factor in interface stabilization is the formation of covalent Si–O–Ti bridge bonds, initiated by the presence of active hydroxyl groups on the surface of the biogenic raw material.It was established that the use of ethanol as a dispersion medium effectively prevents degradation and oxidation of the titanium matrix, contributing to the preservation of the composite's lamellar architecture. The results obtained expand the scientific and technological base for the development of highperformance next-generation electrodes for lithium-ion energy storage systems and functional catalytic coatings.

This study presents a comparative investigation of the structural and physicochemical properties of plant-derived cellulose extracted from agricultural residues (wheat, maize, cotton, and rice straw) and bacterial cellulose synthesized via fermentation using Komagataeibacter xylinus (K. xylinus). Plant-derived cellulose was obtained through an AlCl₃-glycerol pretreatment followed by alkaline purification, while bacterial cellulose was produced under static cultivation in a Hestrin – Schramm medium. The morphology, chemical structure, and thermal behavior of the resulting celluloses were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). SEM analysis revealed that plant-derived cellulose exhibits elongated microfibrillar structures with fiber diameters ranging from 5 to 25 μm, accompanied by surface microcracks and pores resulting from effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose. In contrast, bacterial cellulose formed a dense, multilayered, and highly interconnected fibrillar network with significantly smaller fiber diameters (2.7-9.7 μm), reflecting its high structural uniformity and purity. FTIR spectra confirmed that both cellulose types share the same fundamental chemical backbone, while the weakening or absence of lignin-related absorption bands indicated efficient delignification and superior chemical purity in bacterial cellulose. Overall, the results demonstrate that plantderived and bacterial cellulose possess distinct yet complementary structural characteristics. Plant-derived cellulose provides a fibrous structural framework, whereas bacterial cellulose offers a nanostructured network, suggesting their potential combined use in sustainable biopolymer composites and environmentally friendly packaging materials.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a cold plasma unit for the disinfection of water contaminated with bacterial microflora. The CD Plasma experimental setup generates cold plasma by ionizing particles of the treated liquid, which is preliminarily converted into a two-phase liquid – gas medium. Cold plasma exerts a pronounced antimicrobial effect due to the synergistic influence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, ultraviolet radiation, and charged particles, which cause oxidative damage to the cell wall, disruption of membrane integrity, inactivation of proteins, and fragmentation of the DNA of microorganisms. As test objects, the bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used as representatives of sanitary-indicator and opportunistic microflora. It was shown that exposure to cold plasma for 5 minutes provides a significant reduction in microbial contamination with respect to both cultures, however to a greater extent with respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The obtained results indicate the high effectiveness of cold plasma in the inactivation of bacteria without the use of chemical reagents and point to the prospects of its application in water treatment and disinfection technologies.

The article presents a systematic review of the composition, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of bentonite clays, including bentonites from the Tagan deposit, as well as humic substances and their applications in medicine. The relevance of the work is determined by the unique adsorption and regenerative properties of these natural materials, which define their prospects for use in detoxification and therapy of various pathological conditions. Literature data on the mineralogical composition of bentonite (predominantly montmorillonite), its swelling and sorption characteristics, as well as the chemical composition of humic and fulvic acids were analyzed. The main directions of medical application are considered, including bentonite enterosorbents for the correction of acute and chronic intoxications and diarrhea, topical dosage forms (gels and ointments) for healing burns and wounds, as well as the nutraceutical and immunomodulatory use of humic substances. Analysis of experimental and clinical data indicates a synergistic effect of the combined use of bentonite and humic complexes, manifested in increased sorption capacity, prolonged action, and reduced toxicity. The obtained data demonstrate the scientific significance of studying the interaction of these natural components and their pharmacological potential. The practical value of the work lies in substantiating the prospects for the development of natural enterosorbents and biologically active additives with detoxifying effects.

A zeolite-carbon sorbent based on natural zeolite from the Shankhanay deposit and biochar obtained from walnut shells was synthesized for the purification of aqueous solutions from organic dyes. The composite material was obtained using acid-base treatment and hydrothermal action, which ensured the formation of a porous structure and a stable combination of mineral and carbon components.
The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the synthesized sorbent were studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. It was found that the synthesis process preserves the zeolite's crystalline framework while simultaneously expanding the pore space, increasing the availability of active adsorption sites and improving mass transfer conditions.
The adsorption properties of the zeolite-carbon composite were studied using the extraction of methylene blue from aqueous solutions under batch conditions. The experimental kinetic data are satisfactorily described by a pseudo-second-order model, indicating the significant role of chemical interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. The equilibrium adsorption data are in good agreement with the Langmuir model, indicating a predominantly monolayer nature of the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of the synthesized sorbent was 26.17 mg g⁻¹.
These results confirm the potential of using zeolite-carbon sorbents for the removal of cationic organic pollutants from aqueous media.

Alkali metal-based silicate sorbents are attracting increasing attention as promising materials for hightemperature CO₂ capture from industrial sources. This review systematizes recent advances in the development and application of lithium (Li₄SiO₄), sodium (Na₂SiO₃, Na₄SiO₄), and potassium silicates for direct CO₂ capture at temperatures of 500-750 °C. Lithium silicates exhibit the highest sorption capacity (theoretical value of 367 mg CO₂ g⁻¹ and practical values of 30-35 wt.%), with an optimal operating temperature range of 550-650 °C and lower regeneration temperatures (700-850 °C) compared to calcium-based analogues. Sorption proceeds via a two-step mechanism: a rapid surface reaction forming Li₂CO₃ and Li₂SiO₃, followed by a diffusion-controlled stage limited by ion transport through the product layer. Nanostructuring and doping with alkali carbonates (K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃) effectively accelerate diffusion and improve cyclic stability to up to 200 cycles without capacity loss. Doping with transition metals (Ti, Ca) and co-doping with potassium suppress sintering and broaden the temperature window for efficient sorption. The use of industrial wastes (fly ash, metallurgical slags, spent batteries) as precursor sources reduces production costs by 3-20 times. Promising research directions include the development of bifunctional sorbent-catalysts, the application of computational design and machine learning for composition optimization, demonstration of the technology under real industrial conditions, and integration with renewable energy sources. If current challenges are addressed, silicate sorbents may become a key technology for deep decarbonization of energy-intensive sectors and for achieving carbon neutrality. 

This study investigates the effect of nanoscale additives of elemental silicon (nSi) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) on the solid-state synthesis of the MAX phase Ti₃AlC₂. The synthesis was carried out using powder mixtures with a composition of 2Ti/TiC/Al containing 1 and 3 wt.% silicon-containing additives. Powder preparation included mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill for 24 hours, which enhanced the reactivity of the initial components, followed by reactive sintering at 1400°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the addition of nSi and SiO₂ has a significant effect on the phase composition, defect structure, and morphology of the synthesized materials, as well as on the kinetics of phase formation. It was shown that the addition of 1 wt.% nSi promotes the formation of a more homogeneous MAX-phase Ti₃AlC₂ structure and reduces the amount of residual TiC due to intensified diffusion processes. The introduction of SiO₂ leads to the formation of a defective and porous structure with possible involvement of oxide components, which may limit the completeness of target phase formation. The obtained results demonstrate the prospects of using silicon-containing additives for targeted control of the structure and properties of MAX-phase-based materials during low-temperature solid-state synthesis and optimization of their performance characteristics.

This article presents the results of a study of natural and activated zeolite from the Chankanai deposit as a filler for rubber compounds. The results of extensive scientific research aimed at analyzing the effect of mineral additives on the properties of elastomers confirm the high potential and future prospects for this area of research. The introduction of mineral additives into the rubber matrix under standard conditions improves its performance characteristics, reducing the cost of the material, improving its elastic and strength properties, and optimizing its processing properties. The goal of this work is to replace expensive fillers with more affordable alternatives while maintaining all the required properties of rubber compounds. Maintaining strength, elasticity, wear resistance, and other key performance indicators is a top priority when searching for and implementing replacements, allowing for cost reductions without compromising product quality. Therefore, the proposed ingredients must provide the same or improved properties to ensure the finished product meets standards and operating requirements. The study focuses on zeolites from the Chankanai deposit and rubbers used to produce dielectric mats, which must possess high electrical insulating properties and mechanical strength. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used to obtain data on the elemental composition of the zeolite powder samples studied. This information is critical, as it allows us to assess the effectiveness of zeolites as fillers in rubber production. Experimental studies have shown that vulcanizates obtained by partially replacing 40 parts by weight of white carbon with activated zeolite from the Chankanai deposit exhibit satisfactory physical and mechanical properties. This opens up new prospects for the use of natural and activated zeolites in the rubber industry, contributing to both cost reduction and improved vulcanizate quality.

Asphalt aging is a critical factor affecting the long-term performance and durability of pavement structures, as it induces complex chemical, rheological, and microstructural transformations in asphalt binders and mixtures. Environmental and mechanical stressors, including temperature, oxygen exposure, ultraviolet radiation, moisture ingress, and traffic loading, accelerate oxidation processes, leading to binder stiffening, embrittlement, and reduced resistance to cracking and moisture damage. In response to increasing environmental concerns and resource limitations, sustainable materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement, bio-based binders, recycled polymers, and industrial by-products have been increasingly incorporated into asphalt mixtures; however, their influence on aging mechanisms and long-term durability remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a comprehensive literature-based review of asphalt aging mechanisms, sustainable material modification strategies, and durability prediction approaches. A structured multi-stage review methodology was applied to classify and evaluate modification technologies based on performance effectiveness, environmental sustainability, economic feasibility, and applicability under diverse climatic and operational conditions. The review synthesizes experimental and modelling findings on chemical aging processes, microstructural evolution, aggregate – binder interactions, and multiphysics ageing simulations. An integrated conceptual framework linking environmental exposure conditions, material aging mechanisms, microstructural parameters, and rheological performance indicators is proposed to support durability-based and sustainable pavement design. Key research gaps and future research directions are identified, including the need for advanced aging simulation protocols, multiscale characterization approaches, and long-term field validation of sustainable modifiers. The findings of this review provide a scientific basis for developing resilient and environmentally sustainable pavement infrastructure.