ГИБРИДНАЯ МОДИФИКАЦИЯ БИТУМА ДЛЯ ДОЛГОВЕЧНЫХ И УСТОЙЧИВЫХ АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОННЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ

Старение асфальта является критическим фактором, влияющим на долговременные эксплуатационные характеристики и долговечность дорожных покрытий, поскольку оно вызывает сложные химические, реологические и микроструктурные преобразования в битумных вяжущих и асфальтобетонных смесях. Экологические и механические воздействия, включая температуру, воздействие кислорода, ультрафиолетовое излучение, проникновение влаги и транспортные нагрузки, ускоряют процессы окисления, что приводит к увеличению жесткости вяжущего, его охрупчиванию и снижению сопротивления растрескиванию и влагоразрушению. В ответ на возрастающие экологические ограничения и дефицит ресурсов устойчивые материалы, такие как регенерированный асфальтобетон (RAP), био-вяжущие, переработанные полимеры и промышленные побочные продукты, все чаще внедряются в асфальтобетонные смеси; однако их влияние на механизмы старения и долговременную долговечность остается недостаточно изученным. В данном исследовании представлен комплексный обзор литературы, посвященный механизмам старения асфальта, стратегиям модификации с использованием устойчивых материалов и подходам к прогнозированию долговечности. Для классификации и оценки технологий модификации была применена структурированная многоэтапная методология обзора, основанная на критериях эксплуатационной эффективности, экологической устойчивости, экономической целесообразности и применимости в различных климатических и эксплуатационных условиях. В обзоре синтезированы экспериментальные и моделирующие результаты, касающиеся химических процессов старения, эволюции микроструктуры, взаимодействия заполнителя и вяжущего, а также многофизических моделей старения. Предложена интегрированная концептуальная модель, связывающая условия внешнего воздействия, механизмы старения материала, микроструктурные параметры и реологические показатели для поддержки проектирования долговечных и устойчивых дорожных покрытий. Выявлены ключевые научные пробелы и направления дальнейших исследований, включая необходимость разработки усовершенствованных протоколов моделирования старения, многоуровневых методов характеризации и долгосрочной полевой валидации устойчивых модификаторов. Результаты данного обзора создают научную основу для разработки устойчивой и долговечной дорожной инфраструктуры.

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