СИЛИКАТНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО УЛАВЛИВАНИЯ CO₂: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

Силикатные сорбенты на основе щелочных металлов привлекают растущее внимание как перспективные материалы для высокотемпературного улавливания CO₂ из промышленных источников. Данный обзор систематизирует современные достижения в разработке и применении литиевых (Li₄SiO₄), натриевых (Na₂SiO₃, Na₄SiO₄) и калиевых силикатов для прямого улавливания CO₂ при температурах 500-750°C. Литиевые силикаты демонстрируют наивысшую сорбционную емкость (теоретическая 367 мг CO₂/г, практическая 30-35 масс.%) с оптимальной рабочей температурой 550-650°C и более низкими температурами регенерации (700- 850°C) по сравнению с кальциевыми аналогами. Сорбция протекает по двухстадийному механизму, быстрая поверхностная реакция с образованием Li₂CO₃ и Li₂SiO₃, сменяющаяся диффузионноконтролируемой стадией, лимитируемой переносом ионов через продуктовый слой. Наноструктурирование и допирование щелочными карбонатами (K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃) эффективно ускоряют диффузию и улучшают циклическую стабильность до 200 циклов без потери емкости. Допирование переходными металлами (Ti, Ca) и содопирование K подавляют спекание и расширяют температурный диапазон эффективной сорбции. Использование промышленных отходов (летучая зола, металлургические шлаги, отработанные аккумуляторы) как источников прекурсоров снижает стоимость производства в 3-20 раз. Перспективные направления включают разработку бифункциональных сорбентов-катализаторов, применение вычислительного дизайна и машинного обучения для оптимизации состава, демонстрацию технологии в реальных промышленных условиях и интеграцию с возобновляемыми источниками энергии. При решении текущих вызовов силикатные сорбенты могут стать ключевой технологией для глубокой декарбонизации энергоемких секторов и достижения углеродной нейтральности.

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