In today's world, where digitalization and universal connectivity play a key role, cybersecurity issues are coming to the fore in the context of global security. With increasing dependence on digital technologies, cyberspace continues to evolve, presenting new threats and challenges. This article focuses on the analysis of major attacks on network infrastructure that have occurred in recent years, exploring various types of attacks such as DDoS, APT, ransomware, Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) and SQL Injection. The main focus is on identifying common attack patterns and protection techniques, which allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms and strategies for countering cyber threats. The article examines in detail the various tools and methods of traffic analysis used to detect and neutralize threats, analyzes their effectiveness in real conditions. Using the included histograms, charts and tables, the article visualizes data and trends, which contributes to a better understanding of the complexity and dynamics of cyber attacks. Based on the analysis, recommendations are formulated to improve cyber defense strategies and develop new approaches to ensuring security in the digital world, which is critically important for protecting valuable information assets and maintaining the stability of cyberspace.

The goal of this research is to analyze and systematize the methods used in software interface (SI) development, as well as to identify the optimal approaches and technologies for creating intuitive and user-friendly interfaces. In today's world, software interfaces play a crucial role in facilitating user interaction with software products, making their effective design essential. This study examines various SI design methodologies, including both classical and modern approaches, such as user-centered design (UCD), prototyping, usability testing, and adaptive design. Additionally, it explores principles of user interaction, including cognitive aspects and models of information perception, which contribute to the creation of more efficient and user-friendly interfaces.

Special attention is given to contemporary technologies and tools, such as frameworks and libraries for interface development, as well as automation methods and the use of artificial intelligence in the SI design process. The research includes an analysis of successful SI implementations across various industries and reviews the latest trends in interface design. The findings are aimed at providing recommendations for selecting the most appropriate methods and technologies for SI development, depending on the project's specific requirements and the needs of end users.

The key conclusions of this study may be valuable to software developers, user experience specialists, and interface designers in improving the quality of user interactions with software products. This work can also serve as a foundation for further research in the field of user interface development and optimization, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and practice in this area.

The article considers SMART technology, in particular smart house and basic communication protocols used for data exchange. Smart house technology additionally bears the name «home automation». Home automation in modern conditions allows the user or consumer to flexibly manage and independently configure the system, depending on the requirements of the user. One of the stages of customization of smart home technology is the selection of communication protocol for data exchange within the smart home system.

To implement data exchange in smart home technology, it is necessary to properly approach the choice of communication protocols. Smart home technology uses several types of devices: controllers, sensors, acoustics. Since not all devices support existing protocols, there are also unique devices that support several of the existing protocols. There are several protocols used in smart home technology: ZigBee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi.

In this article the analysis of two main wireless protocols operating at high frequencies, namely ZigBee and Z-Wave. Correctly selected protocols implement fast data transmission without loss. In addition, it will be possible to realize the needs of the user or user, which are set by the system.

Increasing the efficiency of control of treatment facilities can be achieved by automation of control at the stages of observation, collection, processing and analysis of information by means of mathematical data analysis packages, implementation of automated control systems of technological processes.

This article is devoted to the issues of technical modernization of automatic control system of water disposal in Semey city. The need to modernize the concept of building the ACS has arisen in connection with the technical re-equipment of production and introduction of new energy-saving technologies in it.

The hypothesis of the research suggests the possibility of improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment facilities of Semey city through the use of modern methods of collection and transmission of technological parameters to the control panel of the dispatcher in order to make operational decisions on the management of technological and technological process of wastewater treatment based on monitoring of equipment operation. Due to the complexity of the whole complex of treatment facilities, the main sewage pumping station (GKNS-2) and air blower pumping station (ABPS) were selected as objects for the development of automated control system of technological parameters (ACS TP).

The article considers the proposed structural scheme of the automated system of control of technological parameters of treatment facilities of Semey city, gives a description of each level of the system and the principle of their interaction.

The article deals with the process of development and implementation of a mobile application, designed to automate the attendance management of students of Astana IT University. The application is implemented using React Native technologies for cross-platform development, which allows to work effectively on devices. cross-platform development, which allows it to work effectively on devices with different operating systems, such as Android and iOS. with different operating systems, such as Android and iOS. For database management uses the Firebase cloud platform, which provides reliable storage and fast processing of databases. reliable storage and fast data processing. One of the important factors of the application is its scalability. To realize the flexibility and scalability of the application, as well as communication with the learning management system, it was It was decided to use the REST API technology.

The stages of architecture design, technology selection, data processing algorithms, visualization and security are described. Factors such as usability, speed of development, and data security were considered when selecting technologies. Special attention was paid to data processing algorithms and data visualization to present users with an intuitive interface for tracking attendance.

The application significantly improves the interaction between students and faculty with the learning system, simplifying the process of attendance tracking, and providing transparency and automation of the attendance process. The developed application also reduces manual labor and reduces the possibility of human error.

The article discusses modern approaches to automating data analysis using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. With the rapid growth of data volumes entering various systems, their analysis and processing are becoming a complex task. Automating these processes with AI allows us to increase the efficiency and accuracy of data analysis, minimize the human factor, and speed up decision-making. The article discusses machine learning and deep learning methods used to automate data analysis, as well as examples of their application in various industries, such as finance, medicine, industry, and marketing. Particular attention is paid to the advantages and limitations of existing approaches, as well as prospects for their further development. The article discusses in detail the conditions and methods of research aimed at studying and evaluating the effectiveness of various AI models in automating data analysis. The obtained results are analyzed and prospects for further development of AI technologies in this area are discussed. The study emphasizes the importance of interpretability of AI models, the need to develop new methods that can effectively work with limited and noisy data, as well as reducing the computational costs associated with their use.

The work provides an overview of the main methods of social network analysis used to identify cyber threats. The main types of threats in social networks are indicated and some protection methods for their prevention are described. Typical tasks of social network analysis aimed at detecting cyber threats are, for example, identifying online communities, identifying leaders and experts in communities, analyzing the stability of communities, clustering textual information, etc. With increasing digitization and active use of social networks as a means of communication, the importance of effective monitoring and data analysis to ensure cyber security is becoming more and more relevant. Complexities and challenges associated with processing large amounts of data in social networks are also analyzed, including privacy issues and ethical aspects of user data control. The study provides a holistic view of the use of social media as a tool to proactively identify and prevent cyberthreats, highlighting the importance of integrating analytical systems into the overall cybersecurity framework of organizations and individuals. The study provides a holistic view of the use of social media as a tool for proactive detection and prevention of cyber threats, highlighting the importance of integrating analytical systems into the overall cybersecurity posture of organizations and individuals, while emphasizing the need to improve machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques for deeper and more accurate analysis of user behavior and community dynamics, which can contribute to more effective prevention and neutralization of threats in the digital environment.

The effect of protective coating applied to steel 45 made of 30HGSA wire by electric arc metallization on corrosion resistance compared to untreated steel 45 was investigated. The test methodology included electrochemical analyses such as polarization curves. The results showed that steel 45 coated with 30HGSA wire shows significantly higher corrosion resistance compared to standard steel 45.

The result of this study confirms the significance of electric arc metallization technology as an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of steels. The application of protective coating of 30HGSA wire on steel 45 not only improves its characteristics, but also provides opportunities for more durable use in aggressive environments. Also, these methods can be adapted for other types of materials, which opens new perspectives in the field of steel structures protection. This research can serve as a basis for the development of new norms and standards in metal fabrication and processing. These results provide valuable scientific data that can contribute to the development of improved corrosion resistant materials for applications in critical industries such as oil and gas, marine and construction projects, and mechanical engineering, where material reliability is a key factor.

Increasing the productivity of production systems and equipment in the meat industry is inextricably linked with maintenance activities. The article analyzes the influence of manufacturability, hygiene, reliability, simplicity of equipment design on the main indicators of the quality of meat products. It is shown that the Total Productive Maintenance (TRM) and Lean production strategy is an important tool for evaluating the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) indicator, which is used to evaluate the main types of losses that reduce the efficiency of equipment. The relationship of structural and mechanical characteristics of food masses, humidity of raw materials, temperature and viscosity, processing pressure, density on the optimal operating modes of the equipment is analyzed. Using the OEE concept, the time losses associated with the functioning of the equipment are determined. The types of losses are classified: downtime and changeover (availability or readiness) of equipment, short-term shutdown of equipment and reduction of processing speed (equipment performance), defective products and product losses at startup (quality) of equipment. The application of this method of studying the overall efficiency of the equipment can be applied to any technological equipment used in the meat industry and will eliminate many problems that arise during the operation of technological equipment, improve its technical and economic indicators, develop a system of measures to improve its maintenance and repair. Using this concept, it is possible to systematize the factors that reduce the efficiency of the equipment. At the same time, it is proved that information about the factors affecting the loss of equipment operation time allows you to create a system for maintenance and repair of equipment. 

This study examined the effect of electrolytic plasma hardening (EPH) on the properties of 45-grade steel, which can serve as an alternative to traditional heat treatment methods used before the release of finished products. The results of the experiments showed that the mechanical and operational properties of 45-grade steel significantly improved after the application of EPH. Steel 45, widely used in mechanical engineering and agricultural machinery production due to its strength characteristics and durability, demonstrated a significant increase in performance after treatment. It was observed that the properties of 45- grade steel improved considerably after applying electrolytic plasma hardening methods, with the hardness of the samples increasing by 3.1-3.62 times, and wear resistance improving by 7 times. Moreover, the study highlighted the economic efficiency of the proposed treatment method, showing that the introduction of EPH can lead to a significant reduction in material costs, extended product life, and improved environmental performance by reducing energy consumption and emissions. The use of a non-toxic 20% sodium carbonate solution in EPH contributed to the uniform distribution of electric current in the cell and allowed for achieving optimal cooling rates of the sample.

This article discusses the prospects for the application of microarc oxidation (MAO) technology in the aviation and automotive industries. The MAO process allows the creation of durable, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings on the surface of metal parts, which significantly increases their durability and performance characteristics. Technological aspects of MAO are discussed, including surface preparation features, selection of electrolytes and control of process parameters. Examples of successful application of MAO in the production of aviation and automotive components are given. Also, directions for further research and development of the technology are explored, including the creation of new materials, combined coatings and the study of the durability of coatings under real operating conditions. The article emphasizes the importance of MAO as a promising technology for improving the reliability and efficiency of vehicles and equipment.

The study demonstrates the significant effects of electron beam irradiation on the tribological and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Electron beam irradiation, a method using highvelocity electrons to modify material properties, was applied to PTFE to potentially enhance its wear resistance and mechanical hardness, which are critical for applications under increased wear conditions. In the experiments, PTFE samples were irradiated at varying doses, and their wear resistance, microhardness, and surface roughness were evaluated post-irradiation. Tribological test results showed a notable improvement in wear resistance and microhardness with increasing radiation doses. Specifically, irradiated samples exhibited reduced wear volume and enhanced surface characteristics compared to the unirradiated sample. The irradiated sample (PTFE-2) showed the highest resistance to abrasive wear and a significant increase in surface hardness, indicating that electron beam irradiation effectively strengthens the material by inducing cross-linking and other structural modifications within the polymer matrix. Additionally, the study highlighted changes in surface roughness: irradiated samples exhibited altered roughness parameters that contributed to improved wear resistance. These changes can be explained by the physical and chemical transformations induced by electron beam exposure, which modify the surface and subsurface regions of the polymer. This study confirms that electron beam irradiation is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of PTFE, making it more suitable for advanced engineering applications where high durability and resistance to extreme conditions are required. The findings open new avenues for the use of PTFE in sectors requiring high performance, extending its application beyond traditional fields.

The most commonly consumed poultry eggs in the world are chicken and duck eggs. Eggs contain all the essential amino acids, making them an excellent source of complete protein. Egg whites, both chicken and duck, are similar in composition and have many functional properties.

The purpose of this work is to comparatively characterize the chemical composition and quality characteristics of commercially available eggs of various types produced in Kazakhstan. The work used generally accepted chemical and physical methods of determination, as a result of which it was established that all types of eggs differ in quality characteristics and chemical composition. The experiments carried out established that duck eggs have the largest mass (79.49 g). Egg white has an alkaline pH, while the yolk has a neutral pH. The highest water content is found in chicken protein (87.7%), duck eggs have a high lipid content - 36.79%, and the highest ash content in quail eggs – 1.8 g.

The results of the research will be used in the development of egg products from raw materials that must meet the requirements of the standard.

Screening bacterial strains with lignin-degrading ability is very necessary for processing agricultural and forestry waste. In this experiment, we collected soil samples from the Qinling Mountains in China and isolated 99 bacterial strains. Further, 18 strains of bacteria were screened out using alkaline lignin solid medium and cultured at 30°C for 48 hours, and they were molecularly identified. After that, lignin liquid culture medium was used for shake flask culture, and a microplate reader was used to measure the absorbance changes of lignin at visible light at 280 nm before and after culture. A total of 12 strains of bacteria with lignin degradation ability were screened out, respectively. For QL-D3, QL-D5, QL-D6, QL -D7, QL-D8, QL-D9, QL-D11, QL-D13, QL-D14, QL-D16, QL-D17, QL -D18. Their lignin degradation rates after culturing in lignin 1,5 g/L liquid medium for 7 days were 13,01%, 16,76%, 10,48%, 23,3%, 6,88%, 12,48%, 22,07%, 11,84%, 18,62%, 17,88%, 13,95%, 16,28% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the two bacterial strains QL-D7 and QL-D11 with the highest lignin degradation rate.

The article is devoted to the development of a drying unit for the production of kurt, a traditional fermented milk product that is very popular in Kazakhstan. Kurt is not only a national product, but also has a high nutritional value, vitamin and mineral content. Regular consumption of kurt helps to restore beneficial intestinal microflora and is especially useful for pregnant women, children and the elderly. The traditional method of drying kurt in the open air has a number of disadvantages, such as dependence on weather conditions and low productivity. The developed convective drying unit allows solving these problems. It ensures uniform and rapid drying of kurt in controlled conditions, which improves quality and productivity. The unit is designed taking into account the principles of ease of maintenance, ease of operation and cost-effectiveness. It is affordable and cost-effective for individual entrepreneurs and small businesses. Availability, price, quality, productivity, maintainability, reliability, light weight and mobility of the equipment make it relevant for the development of small businesses in Kazakhstan. During the work, a number of tests were conducted on the performance of the drying unit. A sketch drawing was also developed, a drying unit was developed and the optimal operating parameters of the design were selected. The resulting drying unit is promising for implementation in the production of kurt, in the conditions of individual and farm enterprises. It will improve the quality and productivity of the product, as well as create new opportunities for small and medium businesses in Kazakhstan. Also, such equipment can give impetus to local gastronomic tourism, which is becoming an increasingly popular type of tourism, as tourists are looking for unique and authentic experiences. Offering tourists the opportunity to get acquainted with the local culture through its cuisine.

The using of bioactive compounds received from natural raw as nutriceutics is aknowledged as well as strengthening, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic agents and in order to reduce the risk of emergence of various diseases. Ganoderma Lucidum or Reishi mushroom is known on east during centuries and has been used in different aims. Modern researches of Reishi mushroom show its high antioxidative potential. Our experiments have shown that extracts made from micelium and fruiting body of ganoderma reduce the intensity of lipoperoxidation in membranes and increase the resistance in vitro conditions.

Micelium extract inhibited the level of products of lipoperoxidation up to 37,6% at concentration 10 mkg, 21,1% at 20 mkg, 14,9% at 50 mkg. At influence the same concentrations of ascorbic acid means of level of lipid peroxidation amount 74,3%, 60,4% and 36,4% - respectively, for vitamin E - Е-70,2%, 65,3%, 53,5% and 38%respectively. Antioxidative effect of fruit body’s extract significantly have shown at 10-50 mkg – level of LPO decreased on 80% from origin level, the increasing of concentration from 50 to 100 mkg leaded to practically total inhibition of formation LPO products. At concentrations lower than 10 mkg antioxidative effect of the testing agents didn’t differ significantly. The experiments revealed that the mycelium extracts' antioxidant properties exceed the well-known antioxidant agents such as vitamins E and C, while the extract of the fruit body has a substantially similar effect of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol

Results of study have shown that extracts of ganoderma possess pronounced property to stabilize the structure of cell membrane. Severity of membrane stabilizing effect of extracts depended on concentration. In concentration 0-200 mkg in samples incubated in the presence of mycelium and fruit body extracts the hemolysis decreased on 19,8% and 25% at 10 mkg, on 27% and 37% at 20 mkg, on 55% and 57,2% at 50 mkg, on 63% and 68% at 100 mkg, on 69% and 65% at 200 mkg respectively, whereas at the introducing in samples the ascorbic acid in analogical concentrations the hemolysis have descended on 10%, 14,5%, 25%, 40% and 44%, and at the cariing in α-tocopherol the hemolysis lowered on 5%, 22%, 32%, 40%, 45% and 50% respectively.

The researches of total polyphenols and flavonoids in extracts showed, that in extracts abscent compounds, which are related to flavonoids, whereas have found the existence of another polyphenolic compounds.

The article presents the results of a study of the mineral composition and organoleptic evaluation of semi-smoked sausage from vegetable raw materials. Soy and chickpeas were selected as vegetable raw materials. As a result of experiments, it was revealed that the optimal ratio of soy and chickpeas for the production of semi-smoked sausage is 4:1. According to the results of an organoleptic evaluation of semismoked sausage from vegetable raw materials, it was found that the third sample, the ratio of soy isolate and chickpeas of which is 4:1, had a consistency, smell and taste more characteristic of semi-smoked sausage than the rest of the samples being developed.

Based on studies of the mineral composition of semi-smoked sausage from vegetable raw materials, it is proved that there are more minerals in the first and second samples than in the third sample. Since soy isolate increases 3-5 times during cooking due to binding to water, soy texturate and chickpea sausage contains more macro- and microelements than soy isolate and chickpea sausage. However, the third sample contains 1.58% and 0.98% more phosphorus compared to samples № 1 and № 2, respectively.

Research has proven that the use of soy and chickpeas as the main ingredients, completely replacing meat in semi-smoked sausage, is possible and relevant.

Grain products are a fundamental element in ensuring food security for the population. In recent years, the demand for whole grain products has significantly increased. Whole grain products are highly nutritious due to their balanced content of amino acids and other macro- and microelements. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical and amino acid composition of whole grain raw materials such as triticale grain of the «Dauren» variety, buckwheat grain of the «Dikul» variety, and lentil grains of the «Sakura» and «Shyrayly» varieties. The chemical research revealed that whole leguminous crops have a high protein content, which is approximately twice as high as that of whole grains, with protein content values of 28,75% and 24,67%, respectively. The analysis of the conducted studies showed that the amino acid composition of the proteins in whole grains and whole leguminous crops is characterized by a high content of essential amino acids. Leguminous crops have a higher content of arginine and lysine compared to whole grains. Whole leguminous crops have a higher protein content than whole grains, making them important for increasing the nutritional value of food products when mixed. Additionally, various processing methods and their effects on preserving nutritional properties were studied.

Extrusion is one of the most commonly used thermomechanical processes, which has many advantages: versatility, flexibility, high productivity, low cost and energy efficiency. When developing the formulation, scientists were guided by the goal of studying the nutritional value of extruded products, such as direct foaming products, breakfasts and pasta, using non-traditional ingredients from vegetable raw materials. It not only has a variety of characteristics in terms of chemical composition and functional characteristics, but also affects the quality of final products during extrusion processing of various types of raw materials. In order to apply these non-traditional plant materials in extrusion, it is important to understand their impact on the quality of raw materials and extruded products.

This paper discusses the theoretical aspects of incorporating non-traditional vegetable ingredients into the composition of extruded foods. Processing vegetable materials through extrusion is a sustainable method that produces products with diverse nutritional benefits and functional properties. Through an analysis of scientific literature, we found that extrusion is an effective way to transform unconventional vegetable ingredients into edible products. Our research also revealed that extrusion increases the digestibility of these ingredients and reduces the presence of anti-nutrients.

The article presents the results of a study aimed at developing and optimizing a process for obtaining dry dietary fiber concentrate from wheat bran for use in the production of curd products. The main objective of the study was to create a method for obtaining dietary fiber that can improve the functional and quality characteristics of curd products, improving their texture, stability and nutritional value. The study covered a theoretical comparison of various methods for isolating dietary fiber, including acid and enzymatic approaches. It was found that the enzymatic method has a number of advantages, such as preserving the functional properties of fibers, environmental friendliness and higher efficiency. Optimization of the drying process showed that a temperature of 55-60 °C and a duration of no more than 10 hours are the most suitable for obtaining a dietary fiber concentrate with high water-holding capacity.

The inclusion of 7% dry dietary fiber concentrate in curd products provides an optimal improvement in texture and organoleptic characteristics without deteriorating their taste. The study confirms the potential of using the obtained dry concentrate of dietary fiber to improve the functional and quality characteristics of curd products, which opens up new opportunities for their use in the food industry and increasing the nutritional value of dairy products.

To improve the quality of life of the population, currently a promising direction is the use of functional foods. The article presents the results of the conducted analysis of the quality and safety of symbiotic yogurt from goat milk enriched with a mixture of vegetable raw materials.

Purpose of the study: to study the effect of quince syrup on the quality and safety of fermented milk products.This paper presents the results of the study of the developed fermented milk product (yogurt) for functional purposes. The composition of the added ready-made starter includes the cultures Str.thermophiIlus, Lb.bulgaricus, Lb. acidophilus. Quince fruit syrup was used as a natural ingredient of plant origin.

Addition of quince syrup in the production of yogurt from goat's milk contributes to obtaining a product enriched with dietary fiber, vitamins, macro-microelements, as well as increasing the range and improving the organoleptic properties of dairy products, including pectin-containing.

The presented article provides comprehensive microbiological indicators of the studied yogurt samples and the dynamics of changes in lactic acid microflora during storage.

The results showed that according to microbiological indicators, the yoghurts met the requirements of TR CU 033/2013, QMAFAnM did not exceed the specified standards, and coliform bacteria were absent. The growth of lactic acid bacteria in the studied samples was intense on the fifth day – 6.4×109 CFU, then the number of microorganisms decreased. On the seventh day, the number of lactic acid bacteria in the studied sample was – 4.5×108 CFU, the indicator of the control sample for this period was – 2.4×107 CFU.

In this study, cultures of lactic acid bacteria (3M, 3K, 7K, 9K, 10K and 11K) isolated from mare's milk and koumiss were examined in order to assess their resistance to various antibiotics. Discs impregnated with gentamicin (120 mcg), azithromycin (15 mcg), ceftriaxone (30 mcg), cefuroxime (30 mcg) and chloramphenicol (30 mcg) were used.

The data obtained showed that strains 3K, 10K and 11K demonstrated the greatest resistance to gentamicin, similarly, strains 10K and 11K showed high resistance to azithromycin. For ceftriaxone and cefuroxime, strains 11K and 10K demonstrated the greatest resistance. Strains 11K and 10K were the most resistant to chloramphenicol, while strain 3K was the most sensitive. In general, strains 3K and 3M showed the least resistance to most antibiotics, especially ceftriaxone and cefuroxime, which indicates their high sensitivity to these drugs. In contrast, strains 10K and 11K demonstrated the greatest resistance, showing minimal suppression zones for most of the antibiotics studied.

The obtained data can be used to develop and optimize probiotic drugs that take into account the resistance of lactic acid bacteria to antibiotics. This will increase the effectiveness of the use of probiotics in various foods and medicines, contributing to the maintenance of healthy intestinal microflora and strengthening the immune system.

Functional foods and their biologically active compounds have been widely studied as a group of foods of great importance for preventing the development of chronic diseases. Cardiovascular disease is a global health problem that can be alleviated with functional foods. The reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease can be measured using specific biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, such as lipid profile, endothelial function, platelet activation, hemostasis and biomarkers of inflammation. Some functional biologically active compounds may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, beneficially affecting the levels of these biomarkers.

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of functional foods on biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases, as well as the possible improvement of indicators when taking a functional food mixture.

Methods: A literature search to identify articles was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct.

The results were analyzed in twenty-seven publications. In all these publications, the positive effect of functional products on biomarkers has been reported. Most often, positive results were noted from the use of soy products, dairy products, pomegranates, cranberries and vegetarian diets and the Okinawa diet.

To ensure the economic security of the country, it is necessary to ensure the safe production and processing of food products. This article reflects the analysis of hazards and critical control points (HACCP), as well as the analysis of the Food Safety Management System based on ST RK ISO 22000/ISO 22000. Food safety and quality assurance systems are essential to reduce risks and ensure compliance with the strictest standards. HACCP plays an important role in the food safety management system based on ISO 22000/ISO 22000 standards in the Republic of Kazakhstan, helping companies identify, assess and manage food-related hazards during their production, processing and distribution. An analysis of existing food production systems will identify opportunities for the development of more effective and comprehensive food safety and quality assurance systems. These improved systems will be vital to meet the growing needs and expectations of consumers, as well as to ensure safe and high-quality food products for future generations. By introducing HACCP and SMBPP at enterprises based on ISO 22000/ISO 22000 ST RK, food manufacturers can improve the safety and quality of their products.

The role of the total viable microbial count on eggshells is of significant interest, as it relates to egg safety and product shelf life.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of various disinfectants on the overall bacterial contamination of duck eggshells. For this purpose, fresh high-quality duck eggs were obtained from a farm, and solutions of disinfectants were prepared: 6% hydrogen peroxide, 4% calcium hydroxide, 4% sodium carbonate, and 3% acetic acid. When disinfecting duck or goose eggs, the dosage of substances is doubled compared to chicken eggs. The eggs were treated with prepared disinfectant solutions, with varying exposure times. The exposure times for hydrogen peroxide were 4 and 8 minutes, for calcium hypochlorite – 2 and 5 minutes, for sodium carbonate – 10 and 30 minutes, and for acetic acid – 5 and 15 minutes. Samples of washings from the eggshells were collected both before and after disinfection. Dilutions were prepared and subsequently plated on Petri dishes with non-selective media, followed by incubation at 30°C for 72 hours. As a result of colony counting, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms (CFU/egg) was determined.

The results of the study showed a direct correlation between the inactivation of microorganisms and exposure time when using acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium hypochlorite. A longer contact period of the eggs with sodium carbonate did not result in a measurable reduction in the number of viable microorganisms. It was also found that 4% calcium hypochlorite could completely inactivate microbes on the eggshell within 5 minutes. With a 2-minute exposure, the total microbial contamination was 9.2*10¹±0.7 CFU/egg.

Thus, in this study, solutions of calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid demonstrated high bactericidal properties and can be considered effective agents for disinfecting duck eggshells.

Most scientific articles are devoted to the study of chicken eggs. In this work, the object of research is duck eggs, the best disinfectants for processing eggshells have been identified, which is an urgent task in poultry farming.

The obtained results can help farmers implement more effective strategies for combating foodborne infections.

The article examines the effect of sea buckthorn extract powder on the physico-chemical properties of minced meat. One of the key aspects of the study is the active acidity of the minced meat, which directly depends on the concentration of the added sea buckthorn powder. According to the results, an increase in the content of sea buckthorn in minced meat leads to a decrease in the pH value, which can help reduce the shelf life of the product. The optimal dosage was determined by 4-5% of sea buckthorn powder, which provides a balance between improving properties and maintaining organoleptic characteristics.

The effect of the powder on the moisture-retaining ability of minced meat was also investigated. It has been shown that an increase in the amount of sea buckthorn powder initially improves moisture binding, but when a certain threshold is exceeded (more than 10%), this property begins to decrease. Thus, it is important to consider the dosage in order not to worsen the quality of the final product.

Another important parameter is the shear stress limit. Studies have shown that at the initial stage of adding sea buckthorn, this indicator remains stable, but with prolonged stirring it begins to decrease, which is associated with a change in the structure of the minced meat and a decrease in its plasticity. The optimal mixing time is 3-5 minutes, which ensures the achievement of the required consistency and prevents the destruction of the structural and mechanical characteristics of the product.

Thus, the addition of sea buckthorn powder to minced meat has a significant effect on acidity, moisture content and mechanical properties, while it is important to accurately observe the concentration and technological modes to achieve optimal product quality.

Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is important to reduce their environmental impact and reduce the risk to human health. Conventional methods for handling secondary raw materials primarily focus on waste disposal, treating lignocellulosic biomass as waste rather than as a source of organic substances for producing value-added products. As an alternative, processes should be developed to add value to waste, producing value-added products with economic and environmental benefits. In this regard, studies have focused on operating parameters, pretreatment, and microbial fermentation to enhance hydrogen yield during dark fermentation. Upper (4%) and lower (20%) concentrations of distillery grain based substrates for biohydrogen synthesis using wild-type E. coli have been established. Conditions for rational formation of reducing sugars by varying feedstock and acid concentrations in distillery grain based substrates have been established. During the study of the effect of acid-hydrothermal treatment of stillage on the total yield of biohydrogen, it was found that the optimal concentration of sulfuric acid is 1,5%, while 10% of the raw material is used. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of molecular hydrogen was achieved, equal to 116 ±1,0 ml/l using wild-type E. coli.

Currently, the main task of domestic producers of milk and dairy products is to provide consumers with high-quality and safe dairy products. At the same time, the main guarantee of safe production is the introduction of the HACCP system at enterprises.

The main advantage of the HACCP system is error detection, namely prevention and prevention, through step-by-step control of the entire food production chain.

The research work was carried out on the basis of the national standard SS RK 1179-2003 «Quality systems. Food quality management based on the principles of HACCP. General requirements». At the first stage, the necessary information about the fermented milk product from camel milk was collected (composition, organoleptic characteristics, indicators characterizing quality and safety, application, type of packaging, storage and delivery conditions) and a flowchart of its production process was compiled. At the second stage, the results of scientific research by other authors and regulatory documents related to the quality and safety of camel milk and products from it were examined to analyze chemical, biological and physical risks. Then an assessment of the probability of the identified dangerous risks was carried out. Further, using the Decision Tree tool, critical control points in the technology of the research object were identified, allowing to manage safety and improve quality in their production.

This article presents the results of a study the effectiveness of radiation treatment using the ILU-10 electron accelerator in order to extend the shelf life of food products by controlling bacterial contamination (sulfite-reducing clostridium – Clostridium spp.).  

The ILU-10 device is designed for sterilization and disinfection of products without the use of chemicals. Clostridia spp. are an important indicator of microbiological control in the food industry. They are the cause of food spoilage, and some types of clostridium can cause massive disease of the human digestive system.  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this device in reducing of Clostridium spp. with different radiation doses in the range from 3 to 9 kGr. It was found that a dose of 3 kGr is sufficient to reduce bacterial contamination of beef, fish (pike), and fish cutlets. In general, the maximum antibacterial effect was achieved at three doses.

One of the main directions of solving the problem of rational nutrition of our nation is to expand the range of basic food products, including national ones, and increase their biological viability. An analysis of literary sources shows that there are still many methods to improve the consumer properties of talkan. The selected crops occupy a leading position in this list and are important factors in improving the consumer quality and value of talkan. Properly selected products affect the increase in the nutritional value of talkan and the increase in consumer quality. Therefore, this article presдents the formulation of talkan enriched with cultures, data from the study of chemical values of physics.

Grain concentrates (millet, talcum powder, zhent), which have long been known to our country and have extensive experience in their preparation, are the preferred form of fortification with vitamins and minerals, as they are one of the main food products. The products of the Kazakh tablecloth are in daily consumption. The addition of useful additives to these products makes it possible to effectively regulate the biological and nutritional value of human food. In this regard, a promising direction is the development of special food technologies with therapeutic and preventive properties with the addition of functional enriching additives to the Formula.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the HACCP system in the meat industry. Special attention is paid to the importance of ensuring the safety of meat products at all stages of the production process. As an example, the production of meat paste «Branded» with the addition of meat and bone paste is considered. Seven principles of the HACCP system are given, starting with risk analysis and ending with documentation procedures. A detailed analysis of the hazards at each stage of the technological process of meat paste production is described. Critical control points (CCTS) are identified for each process, which require special control to prevent or minimize the risk of contamination of products by pathogenic microorganisms. The study was conducted at a meat production facility in Semey.

An experimental batch of meat paste was developed, in which five critical control points were identified: raw material acceptance, blanching, cooking, cooling and packaging/storage. The successful implementation of the HACCP system at the meat processing plant has led to a significant reduction in the content of pollutants, ensuring compliance with safety standards and increasing consumer confidence. These results confirm the need for broader implementation of HACCP principles to create a safer and more sustainable food supply chain.

The «sessile drop» method for determining the surface energy of solids – γ is considered. For graphite and graphene, this method yielded average values of γ₂ = 53.6 ± 2.1 and γ₁ = 44.8 ± 14.7 mJ/m². Using the crystal cleavage method for graphite, the average value of γ₂ = 3250 mJ/m² was obtained, which is 60 times higher than the value of γ₂ obtained by the "sessile drop" method. Analysis of both methods showed that the "sessile drop" method for determining the surface energy of solids cannot be used without modification. We propose new methods for determining the surface energy of solids: 1) through the melting point of a solid; 2) through the size dependence of a physical property on the thickness of the deposited coating; 3) through the measured value of the contact potential difference. The following values were obtained for graphene: γ₁ = 947.1; γ₁ = 974; γ₁ = 960 mJ/m², which is an order of magnitude higher than in the sessile drop method. The values of γ₁ must be multiplied by 3 and we obtain the values for graphite – γ₂ = 2841; γ₂ = 2922, γ₂ = 2880 mJ/m², which differs slightly from the crystal splitting method.

This study investigates the thermal properties of nanofluids, with a particular focus on their heat capacity when various nanoparticles are integrated into a base fluid. Nanofluids, which are composed of nanoparticles dispersed within a base fluid, are of significant interest due to their enhanced thermal characteristics compared to traditional fluids. The research employs the additive method, a widely used technique for estimating the effective heat capacity of nanofluids. This method posits that the total heat capacity of a nanofluid can be approximated by summing the contributions of each component according to its volume or mass fraction. This research represents the effect of nanopartilces concentration (1wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%) on effective heat capacity of TiO₂ based nanofluid. The analysis reveals that key factors influencing the heat capacity of a nanofluid, as determined by the additive method, include the heat capacities of the individual components and the concentration of the nanoparticles. Specifically, the greater the disparity in heat capacities between the base fluid and the nanoparticles, and the higher the nanoparticle concentration, the more the nanofluid's heat capacity shifts toward that of the nanoparticles. The calculations in this study indicate that the most significant decrease in heat capacity occurs in a nanofluid containing 5 wt.% Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with water as the base fluid. Conversely, the smallest reduction is observed in a nanofluid with 1 wt.% Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in a 50% aqueous ethylene glycol solution. 

Nowadays, the issues of ecology and sustainable development are becoming more and more urgent, and the scientific community is actively looking for ways to more efficient and environmentally friendly use of renewable energy sources. One of such directions is the development and improvement of coal combustion technologies in aerodynamic furnaces. This paper offers a detailed analysis of this topic, looking at both theoretical aspects and practical applications. Aerodynamic furnaces are specialised devices designed to burn solid fuels such as coal with maximum efficiency and minimum environmental impact. The basic principle of operation of such furnaces is to create optimum conditions for complete combustion of the fuel, which is achieved through carefully designed aerodynamics and process control. The operation of the boiler on the coal of Karazhyra deposit is considered. This coal belongs to non-project fuel and improvement of its combustion processes is required to reduce harmful emissions and increase combustion efficiency. For the energy sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the conducted research is important, and the results obtained can be used to regulate and improve the operation of similar equipment, which contributes to improving environmental performance and overall efficiency of the country's energy systems.

In this work, detailed experimental studies were carried out aimed at testing the operating modes of the refrigeration unit "Refrigerator-2" model STX 02.00.01. The purpose of the study was not only to demonstrate the functioning of a two-chamber compression refrigerator, but also to solve a number of educational problems. These tasks included examining process operations, simulating various faults, and recording and analyzing refrigerant data to gain a deeper understanding of how the system performs under different conditions.

The study focused on simulating various faults and assessing their impact on the plant. As part of the analysis, a pressure-enthalpy (i-P) diagram was constructed using the specialized CoolPack program. This data has also been visualized in Microsoft Excel for more visual representation and easy analysis.

The results of the study demonstrated that the unit operates stably in nominal mode, periodically switching to a stationary state and reactivating at certain intervals. Such a mode of operation indicates the reliability and consistency of the functioning of the refrigeration unit, which is confirmed by both the obtained diagrams and data analysis. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic and troubleshooting methods, and provide a basis for further research and optimization of equipment performance.

This study investigates the impact of flue gas recirculation on key parameters of the fuel combustion process, such as heat release and adiabatic combustion temperature. Based on the mathematical processing of experimental data, equations were obtained that reflect the dependence of useful heat release and adiabatic combustion temperature on the gas recirculation coefficient. According to the results of the study, the useful heat release in the furnace increases proportionally with the growth of the recirculation coefficient. This indicates that an increase in the level of recirculation contributes to an increase in combustion thermal efficiency, improving heat exchange processes within the furnace.

 A similar trend is observed for the adiabatic combustion temperature. It was found that the adiabatic combustion temperature also increases with an increase in the recirculation coefficient, which indicates the significant influence of recirculation on raising the temperature parameters of the combustion process. The rise in combustion temperature is associated with improved fuel combustion and more complete utilization of its energy potential. This, in turn, can contribute to a reduction in emissions of harmful substances such as nitrogen oxides and carbon, which is an important factor for environmental safety.

Thus, the results of the study demonstrate that flue gas recirculation has a significant impact on heat exchange processes and combustion temperature. This makes recirculation an effective tool for increasing thermal efficiency and reducing the environmental impact. The application of this method in modern energy systems not only improves production performance but also ensures compliance with environmental requirements. The study results confirm the feasibility of implementing flue gas recirculation to enhance overall efficiency and environmental safety in energy installations.

This study focuses on analysing the effectiveness of porous metals in heat exchangers, focusing on their effect on improving heat transfer processes. Porous metals, due to their unique structure, have high thermal conductivity and increased contact surface area, which contributes to more efficient heat transfer. As part of the study, experiments and theoretical analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of porosity coefficient on heat exchange performance. The plotted dependence of Freon mass flow rate and heat quantity on porosity coefficient demonstrate the linear nature of these dependencies. Mathematical processing of the data showed that an increase in the porosity coefficient leads to an increase in both the amount of heat transferred by Freon and Freon mass flow rate, indicating an increase in heat exchange efficiency. The results confirmed that porous metals can significantly improve the performance of heat exchangers and energy saving. Based on the study, further investigation and implementation of porous metals in heat exchangers is recommended to optimise their performance and improve the overall system efficiency. These results open new perspectives for the application of porous metals in various industries including power and mechanical engineering.

Transfer hydrogenation (TH) is a highly significant reaction in organic chemistry, especially in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. This method involves the transfer of hydrogen from a donor molecule to an unsaturated substrate, offering a safer and more convenient alternative to direct hydrogenation, which typically requires high-pressure hydrogen gas. TH stands out for its ability to selectively reduce multiple functional groups under milder conditions, thereby reducing the risk of overreduction or damage to sensitive functional groups. This technique is particularly valuable in asymmetric synthesis (AS), where chiral catalysts enable the production of enantiomerically pure compounds, crucial for drug development.

Ruthenium complexes are particularly noteworthy for their effectiveness in asymmetric TH. Their stability and adaptability to different reaction environments make them ideal for both laboratory-scale and industrial applications. Phosphinite ligands (P(OR)R'2) are used in synthesis of complexes to improve their properties. These ligands are known for their ability to finely tune the electronic and steric properties of metal centers. The electron-donating nature of the phosphorus atom, combined with the variability in the R and R' groups, allows for significant customization of the catalyst's properties.

The purpose of the work is to review up-to-date discoveries in the field of TH.

The integration of phosphinite ligands into ruthenium catalysts marks a significant advancement in the field of TH. These catalysts exhibit enhanced efficiency, selectivity, and stability, proving crucial in AS. The study's exploration of various hydrogen sources, bases, and mechanisms has provided deeper insight into the process of TH.

This article provides an extensive review of the current advances in the extraction of lithium from spodumene concentrates, a key aspect in the development of this important resource. The article begins with a detailed description of the chemical and physical properties of β-spodumene, particularly emphasizing its importance to the lithium extraction process. The focus is on a variety of methods for processing spodumene, including techniques such as thermal treatment, acid and alkali leaching, as well as more innovative approaches such as solvent utilization and ion exchange.

The article highlights not only the technical aspects of each technique, but also their economic and environmental sustainability. Particular attention is paid to the environmental and economic challenges associated with lithium extraction, including the desire to minimize waste and improve overall efficiency. The authors also critically analyze existing limitations such as high costs and process scaling difficulties.

An important part of the article is a review and comparison of various research and experimental works in this field, with an emphasis on those that have successfully moved from laboratory studies to realworld applications. The current state of research in lithium extraction is discussed and potential directions for future research are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the need to further develop and integrate these techniques in the context of sustainable development and efficient resource utilization.

In our country, the problem of water treatment remains urgent, and this is facilitated by the growth of external factors, which can include the increase in the number of industrial enterprises, agricultural development, urban growth and others. Objective. To solve the problem of wastewater treatment it is economically advantageous to create new sorbents, from the resources available in our country. Instrumental test methods were chosen for bentonite clay treatment under experimental conditions using scanning electron microscope (SEM) Jeol JSM-6490l V, FTIR spectrometer NEXUS E.S.P. (Thermo Scientific, USA), laser particle size analyser Analizette 22 MicroTec (Fritsch GmbH, Germany). According to the results of instrumental studies, the elemental and mineralogical composition of bentonite clay from Darbazi deposit was determined using scanning scanning electron microscope and FTIR spectrometer. The obtained sorbent on the basis of bentonite clay has a high sorption capacity and is recommended to be used in wastewater treatment of chemical industries. The obtained sorbent on the basis of bentonite clay from Darbazinsky deposit allows to purify wastewater of various productions containing ions of heavy metals up to 95%. The developed sorbent on the basis of bentonite clay has ecological and economic efficiency, connection with the use of local natural resources. Thus, it should be noted that for adsorptive treatment of wastewater from chemical industries with a high degree it is possible to use effective sorbents based on bentonite clays of Darbaza deposit. It should also be noted that the use of bentonite clays for water treatment by sorption process is an effective and affordable alternative to adsorbents, which show high adsorption capacity in relation to various compounds.

Humic substances (HSs) are a diverse class of natural compounds with no fixed chemical composition, formed from plant and microbial residues through the action of environmental factors and living organisms over many years. Despite extensive research spanning two centuries, the complex and variable nature of HSs' structure remains a subject of scientific inquiry. These substances, notably humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin, play crucial roles in ecological and environmental processes due to their abundant functional groups and resilience to biodegradation. This review explores the intricate structure and properties of HSs, their classification, and their occurrence in nature. It highlights the different models proposed to describe the structural fragments of humic acids, emphasizing their aromatic cores and diverse functional groups. The variability in the molecular weight distribution of HSs, attributed to their polydisperse nature, is also discussed, along with methods used for their determination, such as exclusion chromatography. Furthermore, the elemental and functional compositions of humic acids are examined, detailing their acid-base properties and capacity for heavy metal complexation. The synthesis of HSs from natural sources, such as soil, peat, coal, and artificial processes, is covered, showcasing methods like alkaline extraction and hydrothermal treatment. Recent advancements in artificial humification, including oxidative ammonolysis and Fenton reagent-based oxidation, are reviewed for their potential in producing environmentally friendly humic materials from lignin and waste biomass. The study concludes by underscoring the environmental significance and practical applications of HSs, particularly in agriculture, soil conditioning, and environmental remediation. The diverse properties and synthesis methods of HSs make them promising candidates for sustainable material production and environmental management. Humic acids are versatile compounds beneficial for human health due to their potent antioxidant properties, immune-modulating effects, and support for gastrointestinal health and detoxification. Structurally diverse, they feature groups like carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, quinones, ketonic carbonyls, amino, and sulfhydryl, contributing to their stability and amphiphilic nature. In pharmaceutical applications, they show promise for drug delivery, antioxidant therapies, wound healing, antimicrobial actions, and biofilm disruption, underlining their biocompatibility and safety. Key words:

The synthesis of iron-containing oxide nanoparticles is of interest in medicine, electronics and ecology due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as magnetic, catalytic and adsorption properties, which allow their use in various technological processes. In this regard, this article presents the results of obtaining nanoparticles of iron-containing oxides and studying their physical and chemical properties. It is known that stabilization with natural polymers is of great importance in the production of metal nanoparticles. Therefore, in this work, the synthesis is carried out at high temperature by stabilization with potassium humate. To study the properties of the resulting iron-containing nanoparticles, methods of X-ray phase analysis, transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used. As a result of physicochemical studies, the heterogeneity and monodispersity of the synthesized metal nanoparticles was established. The average particle size of the synthesized samples was 8.3 nm, the crystal lattice parameter was 0.8426 nm. The result of the study using IR spectroscopy confirms the assumption of oxidation of the samples. In addition, it was found that the prepared samples have a high degree of crystallization. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no differences in the sizes of nanoparticles. Pure iron oxide is not formed during the synthesis of iron nanoparticles using the method used in the research work. The unique properties of iron-containing oxide nanoparticles obtained as a result of research are promising for the creation of innovative technologies and solutions aimed at improving the quality of life and sustainable development of society.

Currently, scientists around the world are considering the possibility of using oily sludge as a secondary raw material for various purposes. It is known that the current methods in the country for processing some oil waste are not economically efficient. The use of oily sludge as a secondary raw material seems to be one of the main directions in their use in the modification of bitumen and is of great practical importance. The research work studied the composition and properties of oily sludge from the Mangystau region and how they could potentially be used to produce modified bitumen. From a laboratory study, it was established that oily sludge can be used as a filler when modifying bitumen together with special modifiers. The obtained samples showed an improvement in the quality of the obtained mixture. This approach solves environmental problems related to oil waste disposal. The results of the study confirm that the selected oily sludges, due to its physical and chemical characteristics, is suitable for use in modifying road building materials. The presented basic technological scheme for modifying bitumen with oily sludge makes it possible to eliminate the problem of recycling oil waste with the production of a polymer-bitumen binder and allows the resource potential contained in oily sludge to be returned to the technological process.

Recycling reclaimed asphalt pavement fulfills an important function in achieving a sustainable and environmentally friendly road construction industry. Using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) it is possible to produce new asphalt with a small amount of virgin raw materials. This will reduce the amount of energy required to extract and process virgin asphalt pavement materials, along with the amount of waste generated during road reconstruction. Despite these advantages, road agencies have been reluctant to use high proportions of RAP materials in new asphalt production because the presence of large amounts of oxidized bitumen from RAP in new mixtures makes them less workable and less compactable than mixtures with virgin bitumen alone. One should also be aware of the high stiffness of RAP mixtures, which will make them difficult to use. Various methods can be used to overcome this problem, one of the most effective is the addition of rejuvenating agents. This article describes research into the production of asphalt mixtures from recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material. This work aims to study the effectiveness of various rejuvenators for restoring the basic performance characteristics of asphalt pavements. The most effective rejuvenators and their classification are reviewed. The hypothesized mechanism of rejuvenation of asphalt pavements by the introduction of rejuvenators is presented. The methods of introducing various rejuvenators into RAP are described.

Chemical recycling of plastic waste can be a useful complement to mechanical recycling to achieve the required rate of plastics recycling and create a climate-neutral and resource-saving circular economy. Various mixed plastic wastes to be recycled in the future are investigated under fully uniform intermediate pyrolysis conditions characterized by moderate heating rates and pyrolysis temperatures. The distribution of the product and the selected properties of the product are determined, and the mass and energy balance of the process is obtained. Product yield and composition are highly dependent on pyrolyzed residues. All results indicate that pyrolysis is a suitable process for obtaining chemical feedstocks from various complex mixed plastic wastes. The main mass and energy balances for chemical recycling of mixed plastic waste by pyrolysis method were determined. Products for recycling raw materials can be obtained from all investigated plastic waste. Product quality often depends on raw materials. The energy requirement for heating, melting, pyrolysis and evaporation is about 5% of the calorific value of the raw material. It has been demonstrated that 50 to 75% of the raw carbon can be recovered in the condensate and reintroduced into the value chain in the chemical industry.

The article presents the results of a study of the nominal part of the Salicornia europaea L. population growing in the Republic of Abai. An elemental analysis of plant raw materials was carried out, the content of total carbon, organic carbon, nitrogen and sulfur was determined. An alcoholic extract of vegetable raw materials was obtained in the Soxlet apparatus. The extract was filtered and used for chemical analysis. Qualitative reactions revealed the presence of a number of biologically active substances in the extract, such as proteins, terpenes and steroids, tannins, xanthones, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carboxylic acids and caratinoids. The quantitative determination of flavonoids and catechins in the extract was carried out. The spectrophotometry method showed that the content of flavonoids in the plant extract in terms of quercetin is 0.31±0.03 µg/ml. The content of catechins in the extract was determined by liquid chromatography, which amounted to 34.01±3.40 µg/ml. The FRAP (Iron Reducing Antioxidant Power) method is used an antioxidant strategy. It has been shown that with an increase in the concentration of the extract from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/ml, the antioxidant activity increases. At an extract concentration of 0.05 mg/ml, the antioxidant activity is 3.084 mg AAE/ml of the extract. It is concluded that the plant can serve as a raw material for production of cosmeceutical products.

This research explores a sustainable and efficient method for extracting copper from chalcopyrite, utilizing an innovative leaching system composed of glycolic acid, ethylene glycol, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The optimal conditions identified were 1,0 M glycolic acid, 20% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 0,8% (w/v) SLS, and a temperature of 75°C, achieving up to 85% copper recovery. Glycolic acid plays a dual role, promoting the breakdown of the chalcopyrite structure and stabilizing copper ions in the solution. SLS improves the leaching efficiency by disrupting the passivating sulfur layer, allowing for better solution penetration. Additionally, ethylene glycol prevents the precipitation of sulfur, further enhancing the process. The combination of these components creates a synergistic effect that improves copper recovery while minimizing environmental impact. The findings suggest that this leaching system could serve as a sustainable and efficient alternative to the traditional pyrometallurgical methods, offering potential applications in industrial copper recovery processes.

The article examines the effect of electrolytic plasma hardening on the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of steels 45 and 65G, which are used in the production of agricultural machinery components. The presented results demonstrate the improvement of the surface properties of steel through the application of electrolytic plasma hardening. This technology provides rapid heating and cooling, which contributes to the formation of a fine-grained and hardened surface layer, as evidenced by microstructural studies conducted using an optical metallographic microscope. Tribological tests showed an improvement in wear resistance after electrolytic plasma hardening: the wear volume for steel 45 was 3,03×10^-4 mm³, and for steel 65G it was 6,17×10^-5 mm³, which is 7 and 4,5 times less than the wear volume for the initial samples, respectively. The analysis of polarization curves showed that the corrosion current density decreased compared to the initial sample. For steel samples 45 and 65G after three cycles of electrolytic plasma hardening, the corrosion current densities were 6,87×10^-6 A/cm² and 1,61×10^-7 A/cm², respectively. Additionally, a shift in the corrosion potential towards more positive values was noted, indicating an increase in corrosion resistance. The results of the study demonstrate significant improvements in the tribological and corrosion properties of steels 45 and 65G after electrolytic plasma hardening, providing valuable data for industrial applications.

The nature of the interactions between chrysotile and stoichiometrically necessary amounts (SNA) of sulfuric acid calculated in relation to the amount (molar) of magnesium contained in chrysotile – Mg₆[Si₄O₁₀](OH) has been studied. It has been shown that when using solutions containing sulfuric acid HCl (0-0.3), the amount of magnesium found in the solution corresponds to a proportional amount of the acid used. It was found that the output of magnesium into the solution slows down in the range of SNA (0.3-0.5). Proportionally, the dissolution of magnesium is restored in the range of SNA (0.5-0.7). However, the yield of magnesium in solution does not exceed 76% of its content in chrysotile due to the formation of polysilicon acid (SiO₂·nN₂O) in an acidic medium. The layer formed on the surface consisting of polysilicon acids is the main factor inhibiting the transition of magnesium into solution.

It was revealed that the amount of magnesium passing into solution depends not only on the concentration of acid, but also on the density of the layered structure of chrysotile. The conclusions are based on the results of chemical and X-ray phase studies of reaction products occurring during the dissolution of chrysotile asbestos in solutions of sulfuric acid H₂SO₄.

Based on results of the study, it was shown that the dissolution of magnesium silicates, the composition of which of minerals (chrysotile, lizardite, antigorite) of the serpentinite group with the general formula Mg₆[Si₄O₁₀](OH)₈ in acids depends not only on the patterns of acid-base interactions occurring under these conditions, but also on the structural features of the serpentinite crystal lattice.

This research offers an in-depth exploration of the impact of cathodic nitriding on the structural and mechanical characteristics of 45 steel treated in different aqueous electrolytes. Through a combination of Xray diffraction and electron microscopy analyses, it was determined that the nitriding process facilitates the development of a multilayered surface structure, which includes oxide, nitride, and martensitic layers. The composition of the electrolyte plays a crucial role in determining the phase composition and thickness of the modified layers, directly influencing the steel's mechanical properties, as reflected by variations in hardness and wear resistance post-treatment. Notably, an electrolyte containing sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and urea (CH₄N₂O) achieved a maximum microhardness of 986 HV due to the formation of a dense nitride layer. On the other hand, introducing ammonium nitrate to the electrolyte, while slightly decreasing the microhardness to 882 HV, resulted in the formation of a more intricate and stable phase structure, including additional nitrides and oxides, which contributed to enhanced corrosion resistance. These findings underscore the critical importance of optimizing electrolyte composition to improve the performance characteristics of steel, such as hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. This study underscores the effectiveness of cathodic nitriding as a method for significantly enhancing the mechanical and surface properties of 45 steel, thereby expanding its potential for use in high-load and aggressive environments.

This article evaluates the electrolyte-plasma hardening (EPH) of steel 45 using an electrolyte based on sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). Theoretical foundations of the electrolysis process of a sodium carbonate aqueous solution were studied during the course of the work. The mechanical and tribological properties of 45 steel samples after EPH were studied. It was found that with an electrolyte composition of 20% Na₂CO₃ and 80% distilled water, a hardened zone with a thickness of up to 5 mm is formed after EPH. The increase in microhardness reached up to 690 HV, which corresponds to a 3–3.5 times increase compared to the initial state. The results of tribological tests showed that the friction coefficient of steel 45 decreased after EPH, indicating a significant improvement in tribological characteristics compared to the initial value before hardening. Electrochemical tests on the corrosion resistance of steel 45 were also carried out. After EPH, the corrosion rate significantly decreased for steel 45 samples, indicating its highest corrosion resistance.