ГУМИНОВЫЕ КИСЛОТЫ: СВОЙСТВА, СТРУКТУРА И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

Гуминовые вещества (ГВ) – это разнообразный класс природных соединений без фиксированного химического состава, образующихся из растительных и микробных остатков под действием факторов окружающей среды и живых организмов в течение многих лет. Несмотря на обширные исследования, продолжавшиеся два столетия, сложный и изменчивый характер структуры ГВ остается предметом научных исследований. Эти вещества, особенно гуминовые кислоты, фульвокислоты и гумин, играют решающую роль в экологических и экологических процессах из-за их большого количества функциональных групп и устойчивости к биоразложению. В обзоре рассматриваются сложная структура и свойства ГВ, их классификация и распространение в природе. В нем освещаются различные модели, предложенные для описания структурных фрагментов гуминовых кислот, подчеркиваются их ароматические ядра и разнообразные функциональные группы. Обсуждается также изменчивость молекулярно-массового распределения ГВ, обусловленная их полидисперсной природой, а также методы их определения, такие как эксклюзионная хроматография. Кроме того, изучен элементный и функциональный состав гуминовых кислот, уточнены их кислотно-основные свойства и способность к комплексообразованию тяжелых металлов. Освещается синтез ГВ из природных источников, таких как почва, торф, уголь, а также искусственных процессов, демонстрируя такие методы, как щелочная экстракция и гидротермальная обработка. Последние достижения в области искусственной гумификации, включая окислительный аммонолиз и окисление на основе реагента Фентона, рассматриваются на предмет их потенциала в производстве экологически чистых гуминовых материалов из лигнина и биомассы отходов. В заключение исследования подчеркивается экологическая значимость и практическое применение ГВ, особенно в сельском хозяйстве, кондиционировании почвы и восстановлении окружающей среды. Разнообразные свойства и методы синтеза ГВ делают их перспективными кандидатами для устойчивого производства материалов и управления окружающей средой.

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