EVALUATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GAMMARUS

Gammarus sp. is a promising resource for aquaculture due to its high protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content, along with its environmental purity. This study compared the biochemical composition of gammarus collected from five water bodies in Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan to evaluate its nutritional value and potential for feed industry applications. Protein content in the samples ranged from 40.96% to 50.3%, lipids from 6.57% to 9.20%, and carbohydrates from 13.74% to 21.69%. On average, gammarus had an energy value of 324 kcal/1355 kJ per 100 g of dry weight. In modern aquaculture, finding sustainable and cost-effective protein sources for high-quality feeds is critical. Gammarus is distinguished by its unique composition, which contains rare amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that are either absent or present in trace amounts in fishmeal. Biochemical analysis determined the content of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture using standard laboratory methods, with energy values calculated based on macronutrient composition. Overall, gammarus proves to be a valuable and sustainable resource for enhancing feed quality in aquaculture, promoting more efficient and eco-friendly feed production.

1. Kashina G.V. Biologicheski aktivnye dobavki na osnove produktov pererabotki rachka gammarusa (Gammarus lacustis) / G.V. Kashina, V.G. Shelepov, A.I. Mashanov // Vestnik Krasnoyarskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. – 2014. – № 5. – R. 238-241. (In Russian).

2. Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources / R.L. Naylor et al // Proc Natl Acad Sci. – 2009. – № 106. – R. 15103-15110.

3. Harvest and nutritional quality of Gammarus lacustris for trout culture / J.A. Mathias et al // Trans Am Fish Soc. – 1982. – № 111. – R. 83-89.

4. Hardy R.W. Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal / R.W. Hardy // Aquac Res. – 2010. – № 41. – R. 770-776.

5. Ng, W.-K. A Review of the Nutrition and Feeding Management of Farmed Tilapia throughout the Culture Cycle / W.-K. Ng, N. Romano // Reviews in Aquatic Science. – 2013. – № 5. – R. 220-254.

6. Il'yashenko A.N. Osnovnye aspekty ratsional'nogo primeneniya fermentov v akvakul'ture / A.N. Il'yashenko // Nashe sel'skoe khozyaistvo. – 2022. – № 10(282). – S. 46-49. (In Russian).

7. Harlıoğlu M. Importance of Gammarus in aquaculture / M. Harlıoğlu, A. Farhadi // Aquac. Int. – 2018. – № 26. – R. 1327-1338.

8. Dietary administration of Pontogammarus maeoticus extract affects immune responses, stress resistance, feed intake and growth performance of Caspian roach (Rutilus caspicus) fingerlings / R. Rufchaei et al // Fish Shellfish Immun. – 2017. – № 63. – R. 196-200.

9. Adhami B. Influence of Caspian Gammarus on growth parameters, survival and serum biochemical factors in jewel fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus). / B. Adhami, S. Yeganeh, S.J. Kenari // Exp. Anim. Biol. – 2017. – № 19. – R. 31-37.

10. Razgardani Sharahi A. Effect of fish meal replacement with Gammarus meal on growth and body composition of juvenile Siberian sturgeon / A. Razgardani Sharahi, B. Falahatkar, I. Efatpanah // Acipenser baerii (Brandt, 1869). J. Aquat. Ecol. – 2016. – № 6. – R. 102-113.

11. Investigation on the effects of live and commercial food on growth and survival rate of Caspian Salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) / M. Darhani et al // Breed. Aquacult. Sci. Qr. – 2014. – № 2. – R. 23- 34.

12. Effect of Gammarus meal and different enzymes on growth performance and biochemistry of Cyprinus carpio larvae / A.Z. Navazandeh et al // Breed. Aquacult. Sci. Qr. – 2013. – № 1. – R. 79- 90.

13. Azimi A. Effect of replacement of Caspian Sea Gammarus meal by partial kilka fish meal on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and survival of juveniles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) / A. Azimi, S.A. Hosseini, M. Sudagar // Iran. Fish. Sci. J. – 2011. – № 20. – R. 63-74.

14. Köprücü, K. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / K. Köprücü, Y. Özdemir // Aquaculture. – 2005. – № 250. – R. 308-316.

15. Effect of the integration between plankton natural productivity and environmental assessment of irrigation water, El-Mahmoudia Canal, on aquaculture potential of Oreochromis niloticus / M. Ashour et al // Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sc. – 2018. – № 18. – R. 1163-1175.

16. Isolation and cultivation of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758), with an evaluation of its chemical and nutritional content / Abo-Taleb et al // Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. – 2020. – № 24. – R. 69-82. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.2020.78232.

17. GOST R 54705-2011. Zhmykhi, shroty i gorchichnyi poroshok. Metody opredeleniya massovoi doli vlagi i letuchikh veshchestv. – Vveden v deistvie s 01.01.2013. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2011. – 9 s. (In Russian).

18. GOST 32933-2014. Korma, kombikorma. Metod opredeleniya soderzhaniya syroi zoly. – Vveden v deistvie s 01.01.2016. – M.: Standartinform, 2015. – 12 s. (In Russian).

19. GOST 13496.4-2019. Korma, kombikorma, kombikormovoe syr'e. Metody opredeleniya soderzhaniya azota i syrogo proteina. – Vveden v deistvie s 01.01.2020. – M.: Standartinform, 2019. – 12 s. (In Russian).

20. GOST 13496.15-2016. Korma, kombikorma, kombikormovoe syr'e. Metody opredeleniya massovoi doli syrogo zhira. – Vveden v deistvie s 01.01.2018. – M.: Standartinform, 2017. – 10 s. (In Russian).

21. GOST 32161-2013. Produkty pishchevye. Metod opredeleniya soderzhaniya tseziya Cs-137. – Vved. 01.07.2014. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2013. – 11 s. (In Russian).

22. GOST 32163-2013. Produkty pishchevye. Metod opredeleniya soderzhaniya strontsiya Sr-90. – Vved. 01.07.2014. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2013. – 6 s. (In Russian).

23. Khimicheskii sostav pishchevykh produktov. Kn. 2: Spravochnye tablitsy soderzhaniya aminokislot, zhirnykh kislot, vitaminov, makro- i mikrozlementov, organicheskikh kislot i uglevodov / Pod red prof., d-ra tekhn. nauk I.M. Skurikhina i prof., d-ra med. nauk M.N. Volgareva, 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1987. – 360 s. (In Russian).

24. Zavodskoe vyrashchivanie molodi trepanga razlichnykh vesovykh grupp na ehksperimental'nykh kormakh s ispol'zovaniem BAV / N.N. Kovalev i dr. // Innovatsionnoe razvitie rybnoi otrasli v kontekste obespecheniya prodovol'stvennoi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii. – 2021. – S. 59-65. (In Russian).

25. Carotenoid content in aquatic organisms / O.N. Makhutova et al // Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. – 2016. – Vol. 466. – R. 20-22. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1607672916010063.

26. Nutritional quality of the edible tissues of European lobster Homarus gammarus and American lobster Homarus americanus / S. Barrento et al //Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. – 2009. – T. 57, № 9. – R. 3645-3652.