БИОПЛАСТИКИ НА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИСАХАРИДОВ ДЛЯ УСТОЙЧИВОЙ УПАКОВКИ: РОЛЬ НЕКОВАЛЕНТНЫХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЙ И ТРАНСЭТЕРИФИКАЦ

Усиление проблемы загрязнения окружающей среды пластиковыми отходами стимулировало во всём мире активный поиск экологически безопасных и устойчивых упаковочных материалов. Среди биоразлагаемых полимеров особый интерес вызывают биопластики на основе полисахаридов – особенно из растительной целлюлозы и её микробного аналога, бактериальной целлюлозы (БЦ) – благодаря их возобновляемости, способности к биодеградации и благоприятным механическим свойствам. Тем не менее, их практическое применение часто ограничивается такими факторами, как гидрофильность и уязвимость к внешним воздействиям. Для преодоления этих ограничений в последние годы активно изучаются структурные модификации, включающие как нековалентные взаимодействия (например, водородные связи, ионная сшивка), так и ковалентные подходы, такие как трансэтерификация. Эти методы доказали свою эффективность в повышении механической прочности, гибкости и водостойкости материалов. В данном обзоре рассматриваются современные достижения в области разработки биопластиков на основе полисахаридов с особым акцентом на сочетание физических и химических модификаций для улучшения эксплуатационных характеристик. Особое внимание уделяется гибридным системам с участием бактериальной целлюлозы, лапонита, хитозана и эфиров жирных кислот, демонстрирующим перспективные синергетические эффекты. В целом, интеграция нековалентных и ковалентных модификаций представляет собой перспективную стратегию для создания упаковочных материалов нового поколения, ориентированных на устойчивое развитие.

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