COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHOTOCATALYTIC HYDROGEN EVOLUTION ON G-C₃N₄ DECORATED WITH NIS AND NIS₂ CO-CATALYSTS VIA ION EXCHANGE PRECIPITATION METHOD

NiS and NiS₂ co-catalysts were decorated on the surface of g-C₃N₄ through ion exchange reaction by precipitation method. Synthesized double systems were investigated using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and TEM elemental mapping. XRD and FT-IR analyses showed the presence of g-C3N4 in the composition of g-C₃N₄/NiS and g-C₃N₄/NiS₂, however the presence of nickel sulfides was not identified. SEM analysis showed that double systems have heterogeneous systems, the stacked flat sheets with wrinkles and an irregular shape morphology and rough surface, where the presence of irregular shape pores is visible. TEM proved the presence of irregularly shaped layers of g-C₃N₄, and TEM elemental mapping showed the presence of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and nickel. The ability of the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by prepared samples revealed, that g-C₃N₄/NiS₂ manifests the highest hydrogen evolution rate in comparison with g-C₃N₄/NiS and g-C₃N₄. Thus, the highest evolution rate of hydrogen was reached by g-C₃N₄/NiS₂ on the 3^rd hour of the visible light irradiation and was equal to 56.79 μmolh^-1g^-1.

1. Ozili P.K., Ozen E. Global Energy Crisis. The Impact of Climate Change and Sustainability Standards on the Insurance Market / P.K. Ozili, E. Ozen // New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. – 2023. – P. 439-454.

2. Marbán G. T. Towards the hydrogen economy?/ G. Marbán, T. Valdés-Solís // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2007. – Vol. 32, № 12. – P. 1625-1637.

3. Lemus R.G. Updated hydrogen production costs and parities for conventional and renewable technologies / R.G. Lemus, J.M. Martínez Duart // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2010. – Vol. 35, № 9. – P. 3929-3936.

4. Hydrogen production from crude pyrolysis oil by a sequential catalytic process / T. Davidian et al // Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. – 2007. – Vol. 73, № 1. – P. 116-127.

5. A review on biomass-based hydrogen production for renewable energy supply / S.E. Hosseini et al // International Journal of Energy Research. – 2015. – Vol. 39, № 12. – P. 1597-1615.

6. Hydrogen production by photovoltaic-electrolysis using aqueous waste from ornamental stones industries / F.C. Marques et al // Renewable Energy. – 2020. – Vol. 152. – P. 1266-1273.

7. Soluble g-C3N4 nanosheets: Facile synthesis and application in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution / X. Wu et al // Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. – 2019. – Vol. 247. – P. 70-77.

8. Fujishima A. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode / A. Fujishima, K. Honda // Nature. – 1972. – Vol. 238, № 5358. – P. 37-38.

9. Molecular engineering of carbon nitride towards photocatalytic H2 evolution and dye degradation / А. Hayat et al // Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. – 2021. – Vol. 597. – P. 39-47.

10. Enhanced light-driven hydrogen generation in carbon nitride photocatalysts by interfacial electron-transfer cascade / Х. Yin et al // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2022. – Vol. 894. – P. 162499.

11. Recent developments in fabrication and structure regulation of visible-light-driven g-C3N4-based photocatalysts towards water purification: A critical review: Advances in photo(electro)catalysis for environmental applications and chemical synthesis / S. Zhang et al // Catalysis Today. – 2019. – Vol. 335. – P. 65-77.

12. A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light / Х. Wang et al // Nature Materials. – 2009. – Vol. 8, № 1. – P. 76-80.

13. Lin L. Crystalline Carbon Nitride Semiconductors for Photocatalytic Water Splitting / L. Lin, Z. Yu, X. Wang // Angewandte Chemie. – 2019. – Vol. 131, №19. – P. 6225-6236.

14. Graphitic carbon nitride (g–C3N4)–based metal-free photocatalysts for water splitting: A review / А. Mishra et al // Carbon. – 2019. – Vol. 149. – P. 693-721.

15. Positioning cyanamide defects in g-C3N4: engineering energy levels and active sites for superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution / J. Yuan et al // Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. – 2018. – Vol. 237. – P. 24-31.

16. Facile constructing of isotype g-C3N4(bulk)/g-C3N4(nanosheet) heterojunctions through thermal polymerization of single-source glucose-modified melamine: An efficient charge separation system for photocatalytic hydrogen production / S. Sun et al // Applied Surface Science. – 2020. – Vol. 500. – P. 143985.

17. Critical roles of co-catalysts for molecular hydrogen formation in photocatalysis / Y.H. Li et al // Journal of Catalysis. – 2015. – Vol. 330. – P. 120-128.

18. Low Metal Loading (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd) Photo-Catalysts Supported on TiO2 for Renewable Processes / F. Conte et al // Materials. – 2022. – Vol. 15, № 8. – P. 2915.

19. NiS2 Co-catalyst decoration on CdLa2S4 nanocrystals for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation under visible light irradiation / Y.-P. Yuan et al // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2013. – Vol. 38, № 18. – P. 7218-7223.

20. CuS, NiS as co-catalyst for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over TiO2 / Q. Wang et al // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2014. – Vol. 39, № 25. – P. 13421-13428.

21. Carbonized MoS2: Super-active co-catalyst for highly efficient water splitting on CdS / М. Shao // ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. – 2019. – Vol. 7, № 4. – P. 4220-4229.

22. NiS and graphene as dual cocatalysts for the enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production activity of g-C 3 N 4 / Z. Chen et al // Applied Surface Science. – 2019. – Vol. 469. – P. 657-665.

23. Khusainov A.N. Physico-chemical patterns of formation of sulfur nanoparticles obtained by grinding and chemical deposition methods [The electron.source] / A.N. Khusainov. – 2015. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_008040370/ (Date of appeal 27.09.2024) (In Russian).

24. Heterostructured g-cn/tio2 photocatalysts prepared by thermolysis of g-cn/mil-125(Ti) composites for efficient pollutant degradation and hydrogen production / В. Tatykayev et al // Nanomaterials. – 2020. – Vol. 10, № 7. – P. 1-19.

25. Barde M.P. What to use to express the variability of data: Standard deviation or standard error of mean? / M.P. Barde, P.J. Barde // Perspectives in clinical research. – 2012. – № 3, Vol. 3. – P. 113-116.

26. The Synergistic Effect of MoS2 and NiS on the Electrical Properties of Iron Anodes for Ni-Fe Batteries / Н. Tang et al // Nanomaterials. – 2022. – Vol. 12, № 19. – P. 3472.

27. Constructing Multifunctional Metallic Ni Interface Layers in the g-C3N4 Nanosheets/Amorphous NiS Heterojunctions for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Generation / J. Wen et al // ACS applied materials & interfaces. – 2017. – Vol. 9.

28. Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity and oxidation ability of porous graphene-like g-C3N4 nanosheets via thermal exfoliation / F. Dong et al // Applied Surface Science. – 2015. – P. 358.

29. In Situ Polycondensation Synthesis of NiS-g-C3N4 Nanocomposites for Catalytic Hydrogen Generation from NaBH4 / А.Н. Alshammari et al // Nanomaterials. – 2023. – Vol. 13, № 5. – P. 938.

30. Electrochemical performance of β-Nis@ Ni (OH) 2 nanocomposite for water splitting applications / В. Jansi Rani et al // ACS omega. – Vol. 4, № 6. – P.10302-10310.

31. NiS and graphene as dual cocatalysts for the enhanced photocatalytic H2 production activity of g-C3N4 / Z. Chen et al // Applied Surface Science. – 2019. – № 469. – P. 657-665.