СУДАҒЫ АУЫР МЕТАЛЛ ИОНДАРЫН ТАЗАЛАУҒА АРНАЙЫ MXENE ВАКАНСИЯЛЫҚ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯСЫ: МЕХАНИЗМ, СИНТЕЗ ЖӘНЕ ҚОЛДАНЫСЫ

Ауыр металдардан ластанған су ресурстары қазіргі замандағы ең ауқымды мәселесіне айналған, сол үшін ауыр металдарды судан тазартуға арналған жаңа және эффективті материалдарды ойлап табу керек болады. Ғалымдар екі өлшемді өтпелі металл карбидтері мен нитридтерін (MXenes) жақсы адсорбент санағанымен, бұл материалдың бастапқы үлгілерінде табиғи құрылымдық дефектілер жиі кездеседі. Материалдың толық потенциалын ашуға кедергі жасап отыған – нанопарақтардың бір-біріне жақын орналасып қабаттасуы және бетіндегі активті орталықтардың аз болуы. Осы мақалада вакансиялық инженерияның металл (VM), көміртек/азот (VX) және беткі терминалдық вакансиялардың (VTx) ауыр металдарды тазалау кезіндегі рөлі мен механизмін ашып айтамыз. Атомдардың байланысы мен электрондық құрылымын арнайы модификациялау арқылы біз вакансиялық дефектілерді қабаттардың жабысуын азайтуға ғана емес активті термодинамикалық тұзақ ретінде жұмыс істетуге де болады. Қолдан жасалған атомдық дефектілер электрондардың бір жерге топтасып қайта таралуына әкеледі және бұл құбылыс ауыр металдармен байланыс орнатудағы Гиббс энергиясы айтарлықтай азайтады. Осындай қолдан жасалған дефектілер материалды актиытендіріп оның адсорбциялық қабілетін бірнеше есе арттырады(мысалы, Pb²⁺ үшін >400 мг/г) және судағы Cr⁶⁺ сияқты ауыр металдардың өздігінен тотықсыздануына әкеледі. Біз бұл мақалада құрылымдық ақауларды дәл енгізетін жаңа синтездеу технологияларын егжей-тегжейлі талқыладық. Зерттеу соңында өнеркәсіптік үлкен көлемдік шығару мен ұзақ уақытқа сақталу мәселелерін ескерте отырып таза су сүзгілеріне арналған жаңа буын MXene материалдарын жасап шығарудың стратегиялық бағытын ұсынамыз.

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