References

kaz44

Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические науки

Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences

2788-79953006-0524

«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ

10.53360/2788-7995-2026-2(22)-75

kaz44-2679

Research Article

ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ

ВАКАНСИОННАЯ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯ MXENE ДЛЯ ОЧИСТКИ ВОДЫ ОТ ИОНОВ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ: МЕХАНИЗМ, СИНТЕЗ И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

VACANCY ENGINEERING OF MXENES FOR THE REMEDIATION OF HEAVY METAL IONS IN WATER: MECHANISM, SYNTHESIS, AND APPLICATION

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2004-8602

Мукатаева

Т.

Mukatayeva

Талшын Галымжановна Мукатаева,

050040, г. Алматы, пр. аль-Фараби, 71

Talshyn Galymzhankyzy Mukatayeva,

050040, Almaty city, al-Farabi ave., 71

mukatayeva.talshyn@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7941-7767

Нуршәріп

А.

Nursharip

Арманбек Нуршарип – научный сотрудник Лаборатории инженерного профиля,

050013, г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22

Armanbek Nursharip – Researcher at the Laboratory of Engineering Profile,

050013, Almaty city, Satpayev st., 22

Nursharip.A@stud.satbayev.university

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-2481

Сатаева

А.

Satayeva

Алия Рифкатовна Сатаева – доктор биологических наук, ассоц. профессор, научный сотрудник Лаборатории инженерного профиля,

050013, г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22

Aliya Rifkatovna Satayeva – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Researcher at the Laboratory of Engineering Profile,

050013, Almaty city, Satpayev st., 22

aliyasatayeva@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-4397

Жандосов

Ж.

Zhandosov

Zh.

Жакпар Маратович Жандосов – кандидат химических наук, научный сотрудник,

050012, г. Алматы, ул. Богенбай батыра, 172

Zhakpar Maratovich Zhandosov – Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Researcher,

050012 Almaty city, Bogenbai Batyr st., 172

jandosovj@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-2087

Байменов

А.

Baimenov

Альжан Жулдасович Байменов – PhD, ассоц. профессор, научный сотрудник Лаборатории инженерного профиля,

050013, г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22

Alzhan Zhuldasovich Baimenov – PhD, Associate Professor, Researcher at the Laboratory of Engineering Profile,

050013, Almaty city, Satpayev st., 22

alzhan.baimenov@satbayev.university

Казахский национальный университет имени аль-ФарабиКазахстанAl-Farabi Kazakh National UniversityKazakhstan

Satbayev UniversityКазахстанSatbayev UniversityKazakhstan

Институт проблем горенияКазахстанInstitute of Combustion ProblemsKazakhstan

2026

29072026

02(22)736753

2026

Мукатаева Т., Нуршәріп А., Сатаева А., Жандосов Ж., Байменов А.

Mukatayeva T., Nursharip A., Satayeva A., Zhandosov Z., Baimenov A.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2679

Загрязнение водных ресурсов тяжелыми металлами стало одной из самых актуальных проблем нашего времени, поэтому необходимо изобрести новые и эффективные материалы для удаления тяжелых металлов из воды. Хотя ученые считают двумерные карбиды и нитриды переходных металлов (MXenes) хорошими адсорбентами, в исходных образцах этих материалов часто обнаруживаются естественные структурные дефекты. Основными препятствиями на пути к раскрытию полного потенциала материала являются плотная упаковка нанолистов и отсутствие активных центров на поверхности. В этой статье мы рассмотрим роль и механизм инженерии вакансий в удалении тяжелых металлов с помощью металлических (VM), углеродноазотных (VX) и поверхностных концевых вакансий (VTx). Путем целенаправленной модификации связей и электронной структуры атомов мы можем сделать так, чтобы вакансионные дефекты не только снижали адгезию слоев, но и действовали как активные термодинамические ловушки. Искусственные атомные дефекты приводят к перераспределению электронов в одном месте, и это явление значительно снижает энергию Гиббса связывания с тяжелыми металлами. Подобные искусственные дефекты активируют материал, увеличивая его адсорбционную способность в несколько раз (например, >400 мг/г для Pb²⁺) и приводя к спонтанному восстановлению тяжелых металлов, таких как Cr⁶⁺, в воде. В данной статье подробно рассматриваются новые технологии синтеза, позволяющие точно вводить структурные дефекты. В заключение предлагается стратегическое направление развития нового поколения материалов MXene для фильтров чистой воды, с учетом вопросов промышленного крупномасштабного производства и долговременного хранения.

Heavy metal contamination of water resources has become one of the most pressing problems of our time, and therefore it is necessary to invent new and effective materials for the removal of heavy metals from water. Although scientists consider two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) as good adsorbents, natural structural defects are often found in the initial samples of these materials. The main obstacles to unlocking the full potential of the material are the close stacking of nanosheets and the lack of active centers on the surface. In this article, we will explain the role and mechanism of vacancy engineering in the removal of heavy metals by metal (VM), carbon/nitrogen (VX), and surface terminal vacancies (VTx). By specifically modifying the bonding and electronic structure of atoms, we can make vacancy defects not only reduce the adhesion of layers, but also act as active thermodynamic traps. Artificial atomic defects lead to the redistribution of electrons in a single location, and this phenomenon significantly reduces the Gibbs energy of binding to heavy metals. Such artificial defects activate the material, increasing its adsorption capacity several times (e.g., >400 mg/g for Pb²⁺) and lead to the spontaneous reduction of heavy metals such as Cr⁶⁺ in water. In this article, we discuss in detail new synthesis technologies that precisely introduce structural defects. Finally, we propose a strategic direction for the development of a new generation of MXene materials for pure water filters, while addressing the issues of industrial large-scale production and long-term storage.

MXeneтяжелый металладсорбциявакансионная инженерияочистка воды

MXeneheavy metaladsorptionvacancy engineeringwater treatment

References1

Sikdar S.A Review on Detection and Abatement of Heavy Metals / S. Sikdar, M. Kundu // Chembioeng Rev. – 2017. – Vol. 4, № 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201700005.

Kayani K.F. Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquatic Environments and Removal Using Highly Efficient Bimetallic Metal–organic Framework Adsorbents / K.F. Kayani, S.J. Mohammed // RSC Adv. – 2025. – Vol. 15. – P. 35756-35769. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra06296a.

Heavy Metals Contamination and Associated Health Risks in Food Webs – a Review Focuses on Food Safety and Environmental Sustainability in Bangladesh / A. Sarker et al // Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. – 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17153-7.

Adverse Effects of Mining Pollutants on Terrestrial and Aquatic Environment and Its Remediation / P. Talukder et al // Environ. Qual. Manag. – 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22121.

Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Pollutants / А. Roy et al // Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. – 2021. – P. 1764647. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1764647.

A Review on Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells as a New Source of Sustainable Energy and Heavy Metal Remediation: Mechanisms and Future Prospective / S.Z. Abbas et al // Int. J. Energy Res. – 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3706.

Heavy Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment: Efficient and Low-Cost Removal Approaches to Eliminate Their Toxicity: A Review / K.H. Hama Aziz et al // RSC Adv. – 2023. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00723e.

Mahajan P. Role of Phytoremediation in Reducing Cadmium Toxicity in Soil and Water / P. Mahajan, J. Kaushal // J. Toxicol. – 2018. – P. 4864365. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4864365.

Breaking the linear scaling relations in MXene catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction / Y. Li et al // Chemical Engineering Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 429. – P. 132171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132171.

Defect passivation and transformation of Ti3C2Tx MXene hollow microsphere for superior electrochemical performance and sodium-ions storage / N. Liu et al // J. Adv. Res. – 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.06.003.

A Critical Review on the Sustainable Approaches for the Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals From Water Systems / C.F. Carolin et al // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. – 2023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00709.

Assessment of Microbial Products in the Biosorption Process of Cu(II) Onto Aerobic Granular Sludge: Extracellular Polymeric Substances Contribution and Soluble Microbial Products Release / L. Huang et al // J. Colloid Interface Sci. – 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.032.

Audu K.E. Bioremediation of Toxic Metals in Mining Site of Zamfara Metropolis Using Resident Bacteria (Pantoea Agglomerans): A Optimization Approach / K.E. Audu, S.E. Adeniji, J.S. Obidah // Heliyon. – 2020. – P. e04704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04704.

Deniz F. An Effectual Biosorbent Substance for Removal of Manganese Ions From Aquatic Environment: A Promising Environmental Remediation Study With Activated Coastal Waste of Zostera Marina Plant / F.Deniz, E.T. Ersanlı // Biomed Res. Int. – 2020. – P. 7806154. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7806154.

Two Dimensional MXenes as Emerging Paradigm for Adsorptive Removal of Toxic Metallic Pollutants From Wastewater / T. Rasheed et al // Chemosphere. – 2022. – P. 132319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132319.

Recent Advancement in Rational Design Modulation of MXene: A Voyage From Environmental Remediation to Energy Conversion and Storage / A. Hayat et al // Chem. Rec. – 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202200097.

Bharali L. Several Fundamental Aspects of MXene: Synthesis and Their Applications / L. Bharali, J. Kalita, S.S. Dhar // Chemistryselect. – 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202301486.

Recent Progress in Environmental Remediation, Colloidal Behavior and Biological Effects of MXene: A Review / L. Chen et al // Environ. Sci. Nano. – 2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2en00340f.

Novel Synthesis Methods and Applications of MXene-based Nanomaterials (MBNs) for Hazardous Pollutants Degradation: Future Perspectives / S.S. Siwal et al // Chemosphere. – 2022. – P. 133542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133542.

Scope, Evaluation and Current Perspectives of MXene Synthesis Strategies for State of the Art Applications / M.Z. Abid et al // J. Mater. Chem. A. – 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ta06548k.

Titanium Carbide-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions and Radionuclides: From Nanomaterials to 3D Architectures / X. Dong et al // Adv. Mater. Interfaces. – 2021. – P. 2100703. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202100703.

Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene for Sequestration of Aquatic Pollutants / S. Madhu et al // Chemsuschem. – 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202400421.

Swain K.K. MXene-Based Nanomaterials for Pollution Remediation: A Review / K.K. Swain, S.K. Pradhan, D.J. Late // Chemistryselect. – 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202404885.

Abraham A.M. A Review of MXene’s Retroactive Development in Energy Storage Applications / A.M. Abraham, S.C. George // Chemistryselect. – 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202502846

Rational Design of Titanium Carbide MXene Electrode Architectures for Hybrid Capacitive Deionization / S. Buczek et al // Energy Environ. Mater. – 2020. – P. 12110. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12110.

Review On MXene Synthesis, Properties, and Recent Research Exploring Electrode Architecture for Supercapacitor Applications / A. Sohan et al // Int. J. Energy Res. – 2021. – P. 7068. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7068.

Synthesis of a Two-Dimensional MXene Modified by Chloroacetic Acid and Its Adsorption of Uranium / L. Xie et al // Chemistryselect. – 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202103583.

MXene Materials for Designing Advanced Separation Membranes / H.E. Karahan et al // Adv. Mater. – 2020. – Vol. 32, № 29. – P. 1906697. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906697.

Column-to-Beam Structure House Inspired MXene-Based Integrated Membrane with Stable Interlayer Spacing for Water Purification / Y. Zhang et al // Adv. Funct. Mater. – 2022. – Vol. 32, № 22. – P. 2111660. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111660.

Defect Engineering of Mo2-xCTz MXenes through Precursor Alloying and Effects on Electrochemical Properties / R.M. Ronchi et al // Chem. Mater. – 2025. – Vol. 37, № 11. – P. 4005- 4015. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c00143.

Cation Vacancy Clusters in Ti3C2Tx MXene Induce Ultra-Strong Interaction with Noble Metal Clusters for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution / X. Wang et al // Adv. Energy Mater. – 2023. – Vol. 13, № 23. – P. 2300148. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300148.

Targeted Sulfur Vacancies on Monolayer MXene Boost Fenton-Like Catalysis for Sustainable Water Purification / Z.-H. He et al // Adv. Funct. Mater. – 2025. – P. e30083. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202530083.

Oxygen vacancy-engineered Ti3C2Tx MXenes for photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical residues in aqueous systems: Molecular mechanisms and future directions / R. Reshma et al // Mater. – 2025. – Vol. 9. – P. 101127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101127.

A novel electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by MXene aerogel-CuO/carbon cloth flexible electrode based on oxygen vacancy and bismuth film / L. Wen et al // Sci. Total Environ. – 2022. – Vol. 851. – P. 158325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158325.

Iron oxide-MXene-based composite for the removal of copper ions from wastewater / R. Patel et al // Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. – 2025. – Vol. 32, № 19. – P. 12108-12120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36413-4.

Breaking the linear scaling relations in MXene catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction / Y. Li et al // Chem. Eng. J. – 2022. – Vol. 429. – P. 132171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132171.

VahidMohammadi A. The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes) / A. VahidMohammadi, J. Rosen, Y. Gogotsi // Science. – 2021. – Vol. 372, № 6547. – P. eabf1581. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1581.

Ihsanullah I. MXenes (two-dimensional metal carbides) as emerging nanomaterials for water purification: Progress, challenges and prospects / I. Ihsanullah // Chem. Eng. J. – 2020. – Vol. 388. – P. 124340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124340.

Effect of vacancies and edges in promoting water chemisorption on titanium-based MXenes / E. Marquis et al // Nano Converg. – 2023. – Vol. 10, № 1. – P. 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-023-00364-8.

Recent advances in applications of MXenes for desalination, water purification and as an antibacterial: a review / H. Meskher et al // Environ. Sci. Nano. – 2025. – Vol. 12, № 2. – P. 1012- 1036. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EN00427B.

Single platinum atoms immobilized on an MXene as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction / J. Zhang et al // Nat. Catal. – 2018. – Vol. 1, № 12. – P. 985-992. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0195-1.

Two-dimensional Mo1.33C MXene with divacancy ordering prepared from parent 3D laminate with in-plane chemical ordering / Q. Tao et al // Nat. Commun. – 2017. – Vol. 8, № 1. – P. 14949. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14949.

Atomic Defects in Monolayer Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene / X. Sang et al // ACS Nano. – 2016. – Vol. 10, № 10. – P. 9193-9200. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05240.

Overview of the synthesis of MXenes and other ultrathin 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides / L. Verger et al // Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. – 2019. – Vol. 23, № 3. – P. 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.02.001.

MXene (Ti3C2) Vacancy-Confined Single-Atom Catalyst for Efficient Functionalization of CO2 / D. Zhao et al // J. Am. Chem. Soc. – 2019. – Vol. 141, № 9. – P. 4086-4093. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b13579.

Alkali cation stabilization of defects in 2D MXenes at ambient and elevated temperatures / B.C. Wyatt et al // Nat. Commun. – 2024. – Vol. 15, № 1. – P. 50713. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50713-2.

Defect Engineering and Effect of Vacancy Concentration on the Electrochemical Performance of V-Based MXenes / L. Qin et al // ENERGY Environ. Mater. – 2024. – P. e70253. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.70253.

One MAX phase, different MXenes: A guideline to understand the crucial role of etching conditions on Ti3C2Tx surface chemistry / M. Benchakar et al // Appl. Surf. Sci. – 2020. – Vol. 530. – P. 147209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147209.

Gan J. Vacancies-Engineered M2CO2MXene as an Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst / J. Gan, F. Li, Q. Tang // J. Phys. Chem. Lett. – 2021. – Vol. 12, № 20. – P. 4805- 4813. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00917.

Optimizing MXene: Post-Synthesis Treatments Strategies & Their Characterization / J. Liew et al // J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices. – 2026. – P. 101137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2026.101137.

MXene-Based Oxygen Electrocatalysts: Mechanistic Insights, Property Tuning Strategies, and Prospects toward Practical Applications / J. Xu et al // Advanced Materials. – 2025. – P. 2512724. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202512724.

Fluence, flux, and implantation temperature dependence of ion-implantation-induced defect production in 4H–SiC / J. Slotte et al // J. Appl. Phys. – 2005. – Vol. 97, № 3. – P. 033513. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1844618.

Organic Photocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting: Molecular- and Aggregate-Level Modifications / W. Zhou et al // Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. – 2022. – P. 2211010. https://doi.org/10.3866/PKU.WHXB202211010.

Interlayer-Spacing-Modification of MoS2 via Inserted PANI with Fast Kinetics for Highly Reversible Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries / S. Fan et al // Micromachines. – 2025. – Vol. 16, № 7. – P. 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070754.

Electrochemically active surface area controls HER activity for FexNi100−x films in alkaline electrolyte / S.I. Perez Bakovic et al // J. Catal. – 2021. – Vol. 394. – P. 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.037.

Atomic defects, functional groups and properties in MXenes / W. Cui et al // Chin. Chem. Lett. – 2021. – Vol. 32, № 1. – P. 339-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.04.024.

Molten salt method synthesis of multivalent cobalt and oxygen vacancy modified Nitrogen-doped MXene as highly efficient hydrogen and oxygen Evolution reaction electrocatalysts / X. Chen et al // J. Colloid Interface Sci. – 2022. – Vol. 615. – P. 831-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.010.

In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on MXenes for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption / Z. Mu et al // RSC Adv. – 2025. – Vol. 15, № 32. – P. 26506-26514. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03991F.

MXene-Based Oxygen Electrocatalysts: Mechanistic Insights, Property Tuning Strategies, and Prospects toward Practical Applications / J. Xu et al // Adv. Mater. – 2025. – Vol. 37, № 45. – P. e12724. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202512724.

Effect of vacancies on the electrochemical behavior of Mo-based MXenes in aqueous supercapacitors / W. Zheng et al // J. Power Sources. – 2022. – Vol. 525. – P. 231064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231064.

Regulation mechanisms of single-atom doped Ti2CO2 MXene for CO2 reduction: A DFT study / H. Xue et al // Electrochimica Acta. – 2025. – Vol. 540. – P. 147290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147290.

A critical review of MXene-based composites in the adsorptive and photocatalysis of hexavalent chromium removal from industrial wastewater / N.S. Hassan et al // Environ. Res. – 2024. – Vol. 259. – P. 119584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119584.

Surface engineering of nitride-based MXenes through oxygen vacancies and single-atom catalysts for enhanced nitrate reduction / Y. Sun et al // Appl. Surf. Sci. – 2025. – Vol. 711. – P. 164025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.164025.

Charge transfer and orbital reconstruction of non-noble transition metal single-atoms anchored on Ti2CTx-MXenes for highly selective CO2 electrochemical reduction / N. Li et al // Chin. J. Catal. – 2022. – Vol. 43. No. 7. – P. 1906-1917. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64018-4.

Abouelanwar M.E. Magnetically modified amino MXene psyllium hydrogel nanobiosorbent for the simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and curcumin from wastewater / M.E. Abouelanwar, M.E. Mahmoud // Sci. Rep. – 2025. – Vol. 15, № 1. – P. 45663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32138-z.

Cleaning the environment with MXenes / D. Bury et al // MRS Bull. – 2023. – Vol. 48, № 3. – P. 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-023-00507-6.

DFT practice in MXene-based materials for electrocatalysis and energy storage: From basics to applications / H. Zhu et al // Ceram. Int. – 2022. – Vol. 48, № 19. – P. 27217-27239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.070.

Efficient photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr (VI) by MXene-(Ti3C2, Mo4/3C) and Ca2Fe2O5-based nanocomposites / D.S. Vavilapalli et al // J. Environ. Chem. Eng. – 2025. – Vol. 13, № 3. – P. 116169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.116169.

Photocatalysis over MXene-based hybrids: Synthesis, surface chemistry, and interfacial charge kinetics / C. Peng et al // APL Mater. – 2021. – Vol. 9, № 7. – P. 070703. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0055711.

Bi vacancy simultaneous manipulation of bulk adsorption and carrier utilization to replenish the mechanism of Cr(VI) photoreduction at universal pH / Y. Li et al // Chem. Eng. J. – 2022. – Vol. 450. – P. 138106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138106.

Othman Z. A critical overview of MXenes adsorption behavior toward heavy metals / Z. Othman, H.R. Mackey, K.A. Mahmoud // Chemosphere. – 2022. – Vol. 295. – P. 133849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133849.

Water content modulation enables selective ion transport in 2D MXene membranes / Y. Zhu et al // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. – 2025. – Vol. 122, № 29. – P. e2501017122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2501017122.

Effective ion sieving with Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes for production of drinking water from seawater / L. Ding et al // Nat. Sustain. – 2020. – Vol. 3, № 4. – P. 296-302. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0474-0.

High adsorption capacity of heavy metals on two-dimensional MXenes: an ab initio study with molecular dynamics simulation / X. Guo et al // Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 1. – P. 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP06078H.

Water treatment and environmental remediation applications of two-dimensional metal carbides (MXenes) / K. Rasool et al // Mater. Today. – 2019. – Vol. 30. – P. 80-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.05.017.

Selective chromium removal and detoxification via capacitive deionization using nickel oxideloaded oxidized MXene electrode: The critical role of Ti/Ni dual-redox centers / H. Chand et al // Desalination. – 2026. – Vol. 617. – P. 119430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2025.119430.

Delamination of multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene alters its adsorpiton and reduction of heavy metals in water / Y. Zhang et al // Environ. Pollut. – 2023. – Vol. 330. – P. 121777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121777.

Efficient mercury removal from aqueous solutions using carboxylated Ti3C2Tx MXene / A.P. Isfahani et al // J. Hazard. Mater. – 2022. – Vol. 434. – P. 128780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128780.

Etching and Exfoliation Properties of Cr2AlC into Cr2CO2 and the Electrocatalytic Performances of 2D Cr2CO2 MXene / Y. Cheng et al // J. Phys. Chem. C. – 2019. – Vol. 123, № 25. – P. 15629- 15636. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b03120.

Novel magneto-electrocatalyst Cr2CO2-MXene for boosting nitrogen reduction to ammonia / N. Li et al // Mater Horiz. – 2024. – Vol. 11, № 7. – P. 1769-1778. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MH01945D.

High-Throughput Screening of Atomic Defects in MXenes for CO2 Capture, Activation, and Dissociation / V. Parey et al // ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. – 2021. – Vol. 13, № 30. – P. 35585- 35594. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05742.

Machine Learning and Theoretical Prediction of Highly Spin-Polarized Cr2COx MXene with Enhanced Curie Temperature / J. Yang et al // Adv. Funct. Mater. – 2024. – Vol. 34, № 52. – P. 2411170. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202411170.

MXenes à la Carte: Tailoring the Epitaxial Growth Alternating Nitrogen and Transition Metal Layers / J.D. Gouveia et al // ACS Nano. – 2022. – Vol. 16, № 8. – P. 12541-12552. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04029.

Molten Salt Electrosynthesis of Cr2AlC-Derived Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors / Z. Pang et al // ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. – 2019. – Vol. 7, № 15. – P. 12938-12947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01944.

Lv X. Hydroxyl-Boosted Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: The Essential Role of Surface Hydrogen in Functionalized MXenes / X. Lv, L. Kou, T. Frauenheim // Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces. – 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c00871.

Li M. Single metal atoms supported on N-doped 2D M2C MXenes: an efficient electrocatalyst for overall water splitting / M. Li, Y. Cheng, Y. Li // New J Chem. – 2023. – Vol. 47, № 39. – P. 18285- 18294. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NJ02915H.

The performances and mechanisms for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) removal using TMAOH delaminated Ti3C2Tx suspension / L. Zhang et al // J. Environ. Chem. Eng. – 2023. – Vol. 11, № 3. – P. 109878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109878.

MXene-based hybrid nanomaterials for sequestration of radionuclides and toxic ions // MxeneBased Hybrid Nano-Architectures for Environmental Remediation and Sensor Applications. – Elsevier, 2024. – P. 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95515-7.00003-0.

Advanced MXene-based materials for efficient extraction of uranium from seawater and wastewater / J. Zhu et al // Sci. Total Environ. – 2024. – Vol. 942. – P. 173755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173755.

Highly adherent Ti3C2Tx nanosheet-loaded amidoxime polyacrylonitrile composite membrane for uranium extraction / L. Xu et al // Sep. Purif. Technol. – 2024. – Vol. 331. – P. 125613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125613.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.