АДСОРБЕНТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОЙ НАНОЦЕЛЛЮЛОЗЫ: ОЧИСТКА ВОДЫ ОТ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ И НЕОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ЗАГРЯЗНИТЕЛЕЙ

В условиях интенсивного развития промышленности загрязнение водных ресурсов превратилось в глобальную экологическую проблему. В настоящей обзорной статье систематически проанализирована эффективность функционализированных адсорбентов на основе наноцеллюлозы для удаления из воды органических (синтетические красители, фенолы, антибиотики, пестициды) и (Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Cr(VI), Cu2+, As) загрязнителей. Ключевые результаты: наивысшая сорбционная ёмкость достигается на TEMPO-окисленной наноцеллюлозе и аминфункционализированных композитах – до 2500 мг/г для метиленового синего и до 2270 мг/г для ионов свинца. Молекулярно импринтированные полимеры (МИП) на основе наноцеллюлозы селективно адсорбируют фенолы с эффективностью до 97% даже в присутствии структурно близких конкурентов. Большинство рассмотренных адсорбентов сохраняют 80-90% ёмкости после 20 циклов регенерации. В работе рассмотрены три основных типа наноцеллюлозы (ЦНК, НФЦ, БНЦ), методы их получения (кислотный гидролиз, TEMPO-окисление, механическая и ферментативная обработка) и стратегии поверхностной функционализации (изоцианатная, амини тиольная). Особо отмечается соответствие производства наноцеллюлозы из сельскохозяйственных отходов (рисовая шелуха, соевая шелуха) принципам устойчивого развития. Также определены нерешённые проблемы – масштабирование, стабильность в реальных сточных водах, экономическая эффективность – и перспективные направления исследований.

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