ГЕОПОЛИМЕРЫ НА ОСНОВЕ АЛЮМОСИЛИКАТНОГО СЫРЬЯ: МЕХАНИЗМЫ, СЫРЬЕВЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

В работе рассмотрены современные направления развития геополимерных композитов как экологически устойчивой альтернативы портландцементу. Приведён анализ сырьевых источников для геополимеризации, включая природные алюмосиликатные материалы и техногенные отходы промышленности – золы-уноса, доменные и ферросплавные шлаки, красный шлам и другие побочные продукты энергетического и металлургического производств. Описаны основные стадии и механизмы геополимеризации, влияние щёлочных активаторов и параметров синтеза на формирование структуры и свойства материалов. Показано, что геополимерные композиты обладают высокой прочностью, термостойкостью и химической стойкостью при существенно меньшем углеродном следе, что делает их перспективными для применения в строительстве и утилизации промышленных отходов.
Отмечено, что Республика Казахстан располагает значительными запасами как природных алюмосиликатных пород, так и вторичных техногенных ресурсов, что создаёт предпосылки для широкого внедрения геополимерных технологий в целях снижения экологической нагрузки и повышения эффективности использования минерального сырья.

1. О внесении изменений и дополнений в Постановление Правительства Республики Казахстан от 30 октября 2010 года № 1144 «Об утверждении Программы по развитию горно-металлургической отрасли в Республике Казахстан на 2010-2014 годы».

2. Chemical fundamentals of geopolymers in sustainable construction / М. Makungu et al // Materials Today Sustainability. – 2024. – Vol. 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100842.

3. Geopolymers: The green alternative to traditional materials for engineering applications / Z. Jwaidat et al // Infrastructures. – 2023. – № 8. – Р. 98.

4. Tayeh B.A. The utilization of recycled aggregate in high performance concrete: A review / B.A. Tayeh, D.M. Al Saffar, R. Alyousef // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. – 2020. – № 9. – Р. 8469-8481.

5. Geopolymer concrete as sustainable material: A state-of-the-art review / F. Farooq et al // Construction and Building Materials. – 2021. – № 306. – Р. 124762.

6. Sustainable Geopolymer Tuff Composites Utilizing Iron Powder Waste: Rheological and Mechanical Performance Evaluation / M.L.K. Khouadjia et al // Sustainability. – 2025. – № 17. – Р. 1240. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su17031240.

7. Review: geopolymers for fire protection applications / R. Mohamed et al // J Mater Sci. – 2025. – № 60. – Р. 18678-18709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-025-11496-z.

8. Geopolymer Materials: Cutting-Edge Solutions for Sustainable Design Building / L. Ricciotti et al // Sustainability. – 2025. – № 17. – Р. 7483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167483.

9. Ujianto M. Structural Behavior of Precast ConcreteWall Panels Due to Dynamic Load: A Review / M. Ujianto, A.Z. Mohd Ali, M. Solikin // AIP Conf. Proc. – 2019. – № 2114. – Р. 050013.

10. Dimas D.D. Utilization of alumina red mud for synthesis of inorganic polymeric materials / D.D. Dimas, I.P. Giannopoulou, D. Panias // Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev. – 2009. – № 30. – Р. 211-239.

11. Nuaklong P. Properties of metakaolin-high calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete containing recycled aggregate from crushed concrete specimens / P. Nuaklong, V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt // Constr. Build. Mater. – 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.152.

12. Alomayri T. Experimental study of the microstructural and mechanical properties of geopolymer paste with nano material (Al2O3) / T. Alomayri // J. Build. Eng. – 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100788.

13. Synthesis and characterization of red mud and rice husk ash-based geopolymer composites / J. He et al // Cem. Concr. Compos. – 2013. – № 37. – Р. 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.11.010.

14. Olive biomass ash as an alternative activator in geopolymer formation: A study of strength, radiology and leaching behavior / M.M. Alonso et al // Cement and Concrete Composites. – 2019. – Vol. 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103384.

15. Maaty Al.A. Geopolymer Concrete Performance Utilising Waste Glass: A Review / Al.A. Maaty, M.F. Ghazy, M.G. Eldmarny // Mansoura Engineering Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 50, Iss. 3. https://doi.org/10.58491/2735-4202.3254.

16. Harnessing waste for sustainable construction: Novel synthesizing activators from waste for geopolymer concrete / Murali G. et al // Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. – 2024. – №124. – Р. 103559.

17. Properties and performance of fly ash–based geopolymer as concrete repair material / W.W.A. Zailani et al // In Recent Developments of Geopolymer Materials; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK. – 2025. – Р. 163-179.

18. Shafiq M.U. Applications of geopolymers / M.U. Shafiq, M. Jamil, , Khan, M., 2025. // Sustain. Struct. Mater. 256.

19. Smith, J. Sustainable recycling practices for waste glass in construction materials / J. Smith // J. Sustain. Mater. – 2021. – № 12. – Р. 45e54.

20. Effect of Aluminium Powder on Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Characteristic and Removal of Cu2+ / N. Ariffin et al // Materials. – 2021. – № 14. – Р. 814.

21. Assessment of the Suitability of Ceramic Waste in Geopolymer Composites: An Appraisal / I. Luhar et al // Materials. – 2021. – № 14. – Р. 3279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123279.

22. New Blended Cement from Polishing and Glazing Ceramic Sludge / F. Andreola et al // Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. – 2009. – № 7. – Р. 546-555.

23. Study of Novel Geopolymer Concrete Prepared with Slate Stone Cutting Sludge, Chamotte, Steel Slag and Activated with Olive Stone Bottom Ash / R. Carrillo Beltran et al // Materials. – 2025. – № 18. – Р. 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma18091974.

24. Geopolymers: An option for the valorization of incinerator bottom ash derived «end of waste» / Lancellotti I. // Ceramics International. – 2015. – Vol. 41, Issue 2, Part A. – P. 2116-2123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.008.

25. Madhuchhanda S. Partial replacement of metakaolin with red ceramic waste in geopolymer / S. Madhuchhanda, D. Kausik // Ceramics International. – 2021. – Vol. 47, Issue 3. – P. 3473-3483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.09.191.

26. A review on properties of fresh and hardened geopolymer mortar / P. Zhang et al // Composites B: Engineering. – 2018. – № 152. – Р. 79-95.

27. Pacheco-Torgal F. Properties of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder / F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. Castro-Gomes, S. Jalali // Construction and Building Materials. – 2008. – № 22. – Р. 1201-1211.

28. Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar under elevated temperatures / N. Ranjbar et al // Construction and Building Materials. – 2014. – № 65. – Р. 114-121.

29. Effects of Si/Al ratio on the structure and properties of metakaolin based geopolymer / P.G. He et al // Ceram. Int. – 2016. – № 42. – Р. 14416-14422.

30. Role of the silica source on the geopolymerization rate / A. Autef et al // J. Non-Cryst. Solids. – 2012. – № 358. – Р. 2886-2893.

31. The composition range of aluminosilicate geopolymers / R.A. Fletcher et al // J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. – 2005. – № 25. – Р. 1471-1477.

32. Optimization of brick waste-based geopolymer binders at ambient temperature and pre-targeted chemical parameters / O. Mahmoodi et al // J. Clean. Prod. – 2020. – № 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2020.122285.

33. Influence of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) on alkaline activation of red clay brick waste (RCBW) / L. Reig et al // Cement Concr. Compos. – 2016. – № 65. – Р. 177-185.

34. Properties and microstructure of alkali-activated red clay brick waste / L. Reig et al // Construct. Build. Mater. – 2013. – № 43. – Р. 98-106.

35. Application of waste brick powder in alkali activated aluminosilicates: functional and environmental aspects / J. Fort et al // J. Clean. Prod. – 2018. – № 194. – Р. 714-725.

36. Development of high-strength alkali-activated pastes containing high volumes of waste brick and ceramic powders / C.L. Hwang et al // Construct. Build. Mater. – 2019. – № 218. – Р. 519-528.

37. Rossignol, Feasibility of producing geopolymer binder based on a brick clay mixture / J. Peyne et al // Ceram. Int. – 2017. – № 43. – Р. 9860-9871.

38. US 8 523 998 B2. Process for producing geopolymers / Edgar Gasafi, Katja Dombrowski-Daube. – Publ. – 2013.

39. US 5 342 595 A. Process for obtaining a geopolymericalumino-silicate and products thus obtained / J. Davidovits, M. Davidovics, N. Davidovits. – Publ. – 1994.

40. EP 4 484 398 A1. Geopolymer compositions comprising aluminum sludge and use thereof / A. Da Silva, A. Bem d’Eça Peixinho, F. Mendes Gaspar, T. Siqueira de Almeida Archer de Carvalho. – Publ. 2023.

41. № 20220629 A1. One-part geopolymer composition: patent application / Mahmoud Khalifeh, Mohamed Ahmed Fathy Abdelshafy Omran; applicant: Universitetet i Stavanger. – Publ. 2023.

42. WO 2015/089611 A1. Geopolymer cement produced from recycled glass and method for producing same: international patent application / Sidnei Antonio Pianaro, Gino Capobianco; applicant: Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. – Publ. 2015.

43. CN 110759655 B. Industrial-waste-based geopolymer : invention patent / Tian Jun, E Xinrui, Wang Deyong, Qu Tianpeng, Shi Jialun, Xiong Yuandong, Lu Shilei, Zhang Min ; applicant: Suzhou University. – Publ. 2021.

44. Пат. RU 2503617 C2. Фризон Ф., Жуссо Дюбьен К. Способ получения геополимера с регулируемой пористостью, полученный геополимер и различные варианты его применения. Опубл. 2014.

45. EA 040554 B1 Кондратович Ф. Л., Утрата К., Микошек-Оперхальская М. Способ получения геополимера или геополимерного композита. Опубл. 2022.

46. WO 2015/089611 A1. Cimento geopolimérico a partir de vidros reciclados e seu processo de obtenção / R.H. Santos et al – 2015.

47. Radhakrishnan S. Analysis of Ferro-Geopolymer Panels Reinforced with Different Types of Fibres / S. Radhakrishnan, N. Soundarapandian // Struct. Concr. – 2025. – № 26. – Р. 2052-2066.

48. Temuujin J. Preparation and thermal behaviour of potassium aluminosilicate geopolymers / J. Temuujin, A. van Riessen, K.J.D. MacKenzie // J. Non-Cryst. Solids. – 2010. – № 356. – Р. 2023-2027.

49. Garcia-Lodeiro I. Variation in hybrid cements over time / I. Garcia-Lodeiro, A. FernandezJimenez, A. Palomo // Cem. Concr. Res. – 2013 – № 52. – Р. 112-122.

50. Effect of Silicate Modulus and Metakaolin Incorporation on the Carbonation of Alkali SilicateActivated Slags / S.A. Bernal et al // Cem. Concr. Res. – 2010. – № 40. – Р. 898-907.

51. The role of calcium in blended fly ash geopolymers / G.M. Canfield et al // J. Mater. Sci. – 2014. – № 17. – Р. 5922-5933.

52. Influence of Activators on Mechanical Properties of Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortars / P. Prochon et al // Materials (Basel). – 2020. – № 13(5). – Р. 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051033. PMID: 32106414; PMCID: PMC7084247.

53. Exemplification of efficacy of homebrewed sodium silicate solution processed from ecoprocessed pozzolan and palm oil clinker powder in geopolymer mortar / H.A.A.E. Ghanim et al // Construction and Building Materials. – 2025. – Vol. 460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139825.

54. Effect of natural and artificial silicon additives on the physicomechanical performance of dolomite-based alkaline-activated mortar / M. Kaya et al // Silicon. – 2024. – № 16(1). – Р. 215-230. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02677-z.

55. JProvis.L. Alkali-activated materials / J.L. Provis // Cem. Concr. Res. – 2018. – № 114. – Р. 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.009.

56. Jaarsveld van J. Effect of the Alkali Metal Activator on the Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers / J. Jaarsveld van, J. Deventer van // Eng. Chem. Res. – 1999. – № 38. – Р. 3932-3941.

57. Fawer M. Life cycle inventories for the production of sodium silicates / M. Fawer, M. Concannon, W. Rieber // Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. – 1999. – № 4(4). – Р. 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979498.

58. Effect of sodium hydroxide concentration on fresh properties and compressive strength of selfcompacting geopolymer concrete / F.A. Memon et al // J. Eng. Sci. Technol. – 2013. – № 8(1). – Р. 44-56.

59. Influence of Alkaline Activator Properties on Corrosion Mechanisms and Durability of Steel Reinforcement in Geopolymer Binders / М. Chira et al // Coatings. – 2025. – № 15. – Р. 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ coatings15060734.

60. Pacheco-Torgal F. Alkali-activated binders: A review / F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. Castro-Gomes, S. Jalali // Part 2. About materials and binders manufacture. Constr. Build. Mater. – 2008. – № 22. – Р.1315-1322.

61. Effect of Sodium Silicate to Sodium Hydroxide Ratios on Strength and Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymer Binder / M.S. Morsy et al // J. Sci. Eng. – 2014. – № 39. – Р. 4333-4339.

62. Effect of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide Ratioson Compressive Strength of Ceramic Brick and Metakaolin Waste-Based Geopolymer Binder / М. Statkauskas et al // Materials. – 2025. – № 18. – Р. 4947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma18214947.

63. Anburuvel A. The role of activators in geopolymer-based stabilization for road construction: a state-of-the-art review / A. Anburuvel // Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. – 2023. – № 6. – Р. 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-022-00139-4.