<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz44</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические науки</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2788-7995</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3006-0524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53360/2788-7995-2026-2(22)-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz44-2555</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ГИДРОТЕРМАЛЬНО АКТИВИРОВАННЫЙ УГЛЕРОД ИЗ КОФЕЙНОЙ ГУЩИ: СИНТЕЗ, ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА И АДСОРБЦИОННАЯ СПОСОБНОСТЬ ПО ОТНОШЕНИЮ К МЕТИЛЕНОВОМУ СИНЕМУ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>COFFEE-GROUND–DERIVED HYDROTHERMALLY ACTIVATED CARBON: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE TOWARD METHYLENE BLUE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-0667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кунарбекова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kunarbekova</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махаббат Сейт-Задаевна Кунарбекова– доктор философии, научный сотрудник лаборатории инженерного профиля,</p><p>050013, г. Алматы, , ул.Сатпаева 22 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Makhabbat Kunarbekova – Researcher at the Engineering Laboratory,</p><p>050013, г. Алматы, , ул.Сатпаева 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.kunarbekova@satbayev.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6517-6933</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Қаныкешова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanykeshova</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акерке Алмаскызы Каныкешова – научный сотрудник лаборатории инженерного профиля,</p><p>050013, г. Алматы, , ул.Сатпаева 22 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Akerke Almaskyzy Kanykeshova – Researcher at the Engineering Laboratory,</p><p>050013, г. Алматы, , ул.Сатпаева 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.aslmasovna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4499-3983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазло</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Laszlo</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Krisztina László – кафедра физической химии и материаловедения, </p><p>Műegyetem rakpart 3., 1111 Будапешт</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Krisztina László – Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, </p><p>Műegyetem rakpart 3., 1111 Будапешт</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">laszlo.krisztina@vbk.bme.hu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-4397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жандосов</surname><given-names>Ж. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhandosov</surname><given-names>Zh. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жакпар Маратович Жандосов – ВНС,</p><p>Богенбай батыра 172, Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhakpar Maratovich Zhandosov – Candidate of Chemical Sciences,</p><p>Богенбай батыра 172, Алматы</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jandosovj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-0905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Азат</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Azat</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сейтхан Азат – PhD, профессор, руководитель лаборатории инженерного профиля, </p><p>050013, г. Алматы, , ул.Сатпаева 22 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Seitkhan Azat – PhD, professor; Head of the Laboratory of Engineering Profile,</p><p>050013, г. Алматы, , ул.Сатпаева 22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.azat@satbayev.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Satbayev University</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Satbayev University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Будапештский технологический и экономический университет</institution><country>Венгрия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Будапештский технологический и экономический университет</institution><country>Hungary</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РГП «Институт проблем горения»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>РГП «Институт проблем горения»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2(22)</issue><fpage>726</fpage><lpage>736</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кунарбекова М.С., Қаныкешова А.А., Лазло К., Жандосов Ж.М., Азат С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кунарбекова М.С., Қаныкешова А.А., Лазло К., Жандосов Ж.М., Азат С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kunarbekova M., Kanykeshova A., Laszlo K., Zhandosov Z.M., Azat S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2555">https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2555</self-uri><abstract><p>Использованные кофейные гущи (УКГ), обильный лигноцеллюлозный агро-промышленный остаток, были превращены в пористые углеродные адсорбенты через гидротермальную карбонизацию (ГТК), за которой следовала щелочная активация, с целью эффективного удаления метиленового синего (МС) из водных растворов. Гидротермальная карбонизация (ГТК) проводилась в условиях подсуперкритической воды при температурах 180–220 °C и времени пребывания 2–6 ч, что привело к получению гидрокарбонов с настраиваемыми физико-химическими свойствами. Полученные гидрочар были впоследствии активированы с использованием гидроксида калия в микроволновом реакторе для улучшения поверхностной функциональности и пористости. Структурные, текстурные и химические характеристики материалов были всесторонне проанализированы с помощью физисорбции N₂ (площадь поверхности BET и распределение размеров пор), Фурье-спектроскопии ИК (FTIR), сканирующей электронной микроскопии (SEM), рентгеновской дифракции/Раман-спектроскопии и элементного анализа (XRF/EDX).</p><p>Пакетные эксперименты по адсорбции были проведены для оценки кинетики адсорбции, равновесных изотерм и термодинамического поведения по отношению к метиленовому синему. Активированные углероды, полученные из кофейной гущи, продемонстрировали быструю кинетику адсорбции и значительно повышенные адсорбционные способности по сравнению с неактивированными гидрокарбонами. Улучшенная производительность была обусловлена синергетическими эффектами развитых микро- и мезопористых структур и обилием кислородсодержащих функциональных групп на поверхности. Механистический анализ показал, что поглощение метиленового синего было обусловлено сочетанием заполнения пор, электростатического притяжения, π–π донорно-акцепторных взаимодействий между ароматической углеродной поверхностью и молекулами красителя, водородных связей и внутрипористой диффузии.</p><p>Результаты показывают, что гидротермальная карбонизация в сочетании с мягкой щелочной активацией обеспечивает эффективный и устойчивый путь для преобразования использованной кофейной гущи в высокоэффективные адсорбенты. Это исследование разъясняет взаимосвязи между условиями синтеза, поверхностной химией, текстурными свойствами и адсорбционной эффективностью, подчеркивая потенциал активированного угля, полученного из использованной кофейной гущи, для практических приложений в очистке сточных вод.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Spent coffee grounds (SCGs), an abundant lignocellulosic agro-industrial residue, were valorized into porous carbonaceous adsorbents through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) followed by alkaline activation, aiming at the efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. HTC was conducted under subcritical water conditions at temperatures of 180-220 °C and residence times of 2-6 h, producing hydrochars with tunable physicochemical properties. The obtained hydrochars were subsequently activated using potassium hydroxide in a microwave reactor to enhance surface functionality and porosity. The structural, textural, and chemical characteristics of the materials were comprehensively analyzed by N₂ physisorption (BET surface area and pore size distribution), FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD/Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (XRF/EDX).</p><p>Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the adsorption kinetics, equilibrium isotherms, and thermodynamic behavior toward methylene blue. The activated coffee-ground-derived carbons exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics and significantly enhanced adsorption capacities compared to non-activated hydrochars. The improved performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of developed micro- and mesoporous structures and abundant oxygen-containing surface functional groups. Mechanistic analysis indicated that methylene blue uptake was governed by a combination of pore filling, electrostatic attraction, π– π electron donor–acceptor interactions between the aromatic carbon surface and dye molecules, hydrogen bonding, and intraparticle diffusion.</p><p>The results demonstrate that hydrothermal carbonization coupled with mild alkaline activation provides an effective and sustainable route for converting spent coffee grounds into high-performance adsorbents. This study elucidates the relationships between synthesis conditions, surface chemistry, textural properties, and adsorption performance, highlighting the potential of SCG-derived activated carbon for practical wastewater treatment applications.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гидротермальная карбонизация</kwd><kwd>использованная кофейная гуща</kwd><kwd>активированный уголь</kwd><kwd>адсорбция метиленового синего</kwd><kwd>очистка воды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hydrothermal carbonization</kwd><kwd>Spent coffee grounds</kwd><kwd>Activated carbon</kwd><kwd>Methylene blue adsorption</kwd><kwd>Water purification</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. BR28712925).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miron-Merida, V.A. Valorization of agri-food wastes and by-products / V.A. Miron-Merida et al // Elsevier. – 2021. – P. 173-198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miron-Merida, V.A. Valorization of agri-food wastes and by-products / V.A. Miron-Merida et al // Elsevier. – 2021. – P. 173-198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bharagava R.N. Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches / R.N. Bharagava. – Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017. – 412 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bharagava R.N. Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches / R.N. Bharagava. – Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017. – 412 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from wild olive cores (oleaster) by H3PO4 for the removal of Basic Red 46 / F. Kaouah et al // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2013. – 1 September.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from wild olive cores (oleaster) by H3PO4 for the removal of Basic Red 46 / F. Kaouah et al // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2013. – 1 September.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon developed from biomass waste by H2SO4 activation: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies / A.H. Jawad et al // Desalination and Water Treatment. – 2016. – November.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon developed from biomass waste by H2SO4 activation: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies / A.H. Jawad et al // Desalination and Water Treatment. – 2016. – November.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling of methylene blue dye onto a carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent derived from coffee husk waste / T.H. Tran et al // Science of the Total Environment. – 2020. – 10 July.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling of methylene blue dye onto a carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent derived from coffee husk waste / T.H. Tran et al // Science of the Total Environment. – 2020. – 10 July.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim H.-J. Hydrothermal carbonization of spent coffee grounds / H.-J. Kim, S.-C. Oh // Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. – 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim H.-J. Hydrothermal carbonization of spent coffee grounds / H.-J. Kim, S.-C. Oh // Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. – 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fast pyrolysis of coffee grounds: characteristics of product yields and biocrude oil quality / J.P. Bok et al // Energy. – 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fast pyrolysis of coffee grounds: characteristics of product yields and biocrude oil quality / J.P. Bok et al // Energy. – 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franca A.S. Potential uses of spent coffee grounds in the food industry / A.S. Franca, L.S. Oliveira // Foods. – 2022. – Vol. 11, № 14. – Art. 2064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franca A.S. Potential uses of spent coffee grounds in the food industry / A.S. Franca, L.S. Oliveira // Foods. – 2022. – Vol. 11, № 14. – Art. 2064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge to produce bio-oil: effect of co-pretreatment with subcritical water and mixed surfactants / T. Yang et al // The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. – 2019. – Vol. 144. – P. 28-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge to produce bio-oil: effect of co-pretreatment with subcritical water and mixed surfactants / T. Yang et al // The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. – 2019. – Vol. 144. – P. 28-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruse A. Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels and energetic materials / A. Kruse, A. Funke, M.-M. Titirici // Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. – 2013. – Vol. 17, Issue 3. – P. 515- 521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruse A. Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels and energetic materials / A. Kruse, A. Funke, M.-M. Titirici // Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. – 2013. – Vol. 17, Issue 3. – P. 515- 521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hydrochar from spent coffee ground as a sustainable adsorbent for dye removal from water: adsorption characterization and improvement via soft alkaline activation / G. Pace et al // Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. – 2026. – 7 January.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hydrochar from spent coffee ground as a sustainable adsorbent for dye removal from water: adsorption characterization and improvement via soft alkaline activation / G. Pace et al // Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. – 2026. – 7 January.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A review: hydrochar as potential adsorbents for wastewater treatment and CO2 adsorption / M. Jalilian et al // Science of the Total Environment. – 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A review: hydrochar as potential adsorbents for wastewater treatment and CO2 adsorption / M. Jalilian et al // Science of the Total Environment. – 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The impact of hydrothermal carbonization on the surface functionalities of wet waste materials for water treatment applications / M. Niinipuu et al // Environmental Science and Pollution Research. – 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The impact of hydrothermal carbonization on the surface functionalities of wet waste materials for water treatment applications / M. Niinipuu et al // Environmental Science and Pollution Research. – 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis / J.A. Libra et al // Biofuels. – 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis / J.A. Libra et al // Biofuels. – 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
