<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz44</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические науки</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2788-7995</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3006-0524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53360/2788-7995-2026-1(21)-25</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz44-2420</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ И МЕХАНИКА (ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS (ORIGINAL ARTICLE)</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ И АНАЛИЗ ДВУХКОНТУРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РУЛЕВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МОБИЛЬНОГО РОБОТА С ГЕОМЕТРИЕЙ АККЕРМАНА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF A TWO-LOOP STEERING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A MOBILE ROBOT WITH ACKERMANN GEOMETRY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-7036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмайылов</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismayilov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аманкелди Есиркегенович Исмайылов – Сеньор-лектор </p><p>050012, г. Алма-Ата, ул. Толе би, д. 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Amankeldi Ismayilov – Senior-Lecturer,</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">box1_email61@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-8272</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айтуганова</surname><given-names>Ж. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aituganova</surname><given-names>Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жамила Темирбаевна Айтуганова – докторант; Сеньор-лектор </p><p>050012, г. Алма-Ата, ул. Толе би, д. 100;050040, г. Алма-Ата, пр. аль-Фараби, д. 71</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhamila Aituganova – doctoral student; Senior-Lecturer </p><p>050012, Almaty, Tole bi St., 100;050040, Almaty, al-Farabi Ave., 71</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhamila_a77@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5668-2563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полатова</surname><given-names>Ж. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polatova</surname><given-names>Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жансая Бактыбаевна Полатова – Сеньор-лектор </p><p>050012, г. Алма-Ата, ул. Толе би, д. 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polatova Zhansaya – Senior-Lecturer </p><p>050012, Almaty, Tole bi St., 100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zh.polatova@atu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5841-376X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сыдыкова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sydykova</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мадина Мукатаевна Сыдыкова – Сеньор-лектор </p><p>050012, г. Алма-Ата, ул. Толе би, д. 100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Madina Sydykova – Senior-Lecturer </p><p>050012, Almaty, Tole bi St., 100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.sydykova@atu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Алматинский технологический университет</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almaty Technological University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Алматинский технологический университет;&#13;
Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almaty Technological University;&#13;
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1(21)</issue><fpage>235</fpage><lpage>245</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Исмайылов А.Е., Айтуганова Ж.Т., Полатова Ж.Б., Сыдыкова М.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исмайылов А.Е., Айтуганова Ж.Т., Полатова Ж.Б., Сыдыкова М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ismayilov A., Aituganova Z., Polatova Z., Sydykova M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2420">https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2420</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье разработана и исследована математическая модель двухконтурного рулевого механизма мобильного робота с геометрией Аккермана, направленная на повышение точности следования заданной траектории в условиях внешних возмущений и шумов измерений. Внутренний контур реализует классическую геометрию Аккермана, обеспечивающую согласованность углов поворота передних управляемых колёс и минимизацию бокового проскальзывания. Внешний контур представляет собой корректирующую систему управления, основанную на пропорционально-дифференциальном (ПД) регуляторе, которая компенсирует ошибки положения и ориентации, возникающие из-за люфтов, инерционных эффектов, неточностей модели и погрешностей сенсоров. Проведён аналитический анализ устойчивости замкнутой системы на основе функции Ляпунова, доказано, что при положительных значениях коэффициентов ПД-регулятора обеспечивается асимптотическая устойчивость и стремление ошибок положения и ориентации к нулю. Для численной проверки разработанной модели выполнено моделирование в среде MATLAB R2023b с использованием параметров реальных автономных платформ (Clearpath Husky, Jackal, Scout Mini). Рассмотрены различные сценарии движения: S-образная и дугообразная траектории, наличие шумов IMU и одометрии, а также ограничение угла рулевого привода. Результаты моделирования показали, что предложенная двухконтурная структура управления снижает среднеквадратическую ошибку следования траектории на 38-52%, уменьшает максимальную ошибку на 44% и повышает устойчивость к шумам и вомущениям. Разработанная система обеспечивает плавное, устойчивое движение и демонстрирует перспективность для применения в автономных транспортных средствах, роботизированных платформах и интеллектуальных системах навигации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper presents the development and investigation of a mathematical model of a two-loop steering control system for a mobile robot with Ackermann geometry, aimed at improving trajectory tracking accuracy under external disturbances and measurement noise. The inner control loop implements the classical Ackermann geometry, ensuring coordinated steering angles of the front wheels and minimizing lateral slip. The outer loop represents a corrective control system based on a proportional-derivative (PD) controller, which compensates for position and orientation errors caused by mechanical backlash, inertial effects, model inaccuracies, and sensor measurement errors. An analytical stability analysis of the closed-loop system was conducted using the Lyapunov function method. It is proven that for positive values of the PD controller gains, asymptotic stability is guaranteed, and the position and orientation errors converge to zero. To numerically validate the proposed model, simulations were performed in the MATLAB R2023b environment using parameters of real autonomous platforms such as Clearpath Husky, Jackal, and Scout Mini. Various motion scenarios were considered, including S-shaped and curved trajectories, IMU and odometry noise, as well as steering angle constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-loop control architecture reduces the root mean square trajectory tracking error by 38-52%, decreases the maximum tracking error by 44%, and improves robustness to noise and disturbances. The developed system ensures smooth and stable motion and shows strong potential for application in autonomous vehicles, robotic platforms, and intelligent navigation systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аккерман</kwd><kwd>мобильный робот</kwd><kwd>рулевой механизм</kwd><kwd>двухконтурное управление</kwd><kwd>ПД-регулятор</kwd><kwd>функция Ляпунова</kwd><kwd>MATLAB-моделирование</kwd><kwd>автономные транспортные системы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ackermann geometry</kwd><kwd>mobile robot</kwd><kwd>steering mechanism</kwd><kwd>two-loop control</kwd><kwd>PD controller</kwd><kwd>Lyapunov function</kwd><kwd>MATLAB simulation</kwd><kwd>autonomous vehicle systems</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silvera G. Vehicle modeling and Ackermann steering geometry for mobile robots / G. Silvera, R. Ribeiro, J.R. de Lima // IEEE Latin America Transactions. – 2020. – Vol. 18, № 6. – P. 1074- 1081. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2020.9099757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silvera G. Vehicle modeling and Ackermann steering geometry for mobile robots / G. Silvera, R. Ribeiro, J.R. de Lima // IEEE Latin America Transactions. – 2020. – Vol. 18, № 6. – P. 1074- 1081. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2020.9099757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajamani R. Vehicle Dynamics and Control / R. Rajamani // 2nd ed. – New York: Springer, 2012. – 498 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1433-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajamani R. Vehicle Dynamics and Control / R. Rajamani // 2nd ed. – New York: Springer, 2012. – 498 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1433-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siegwart R. Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots / R. Siegwart, I. Nourbakhsh, D. Scaramuzza // 2nd ed. – Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. – 472 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siegwart R. Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots / R. Siegwart, I. Nourbakhsh, D. Scaramuzza // 2nd ed. – Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. – 472 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A survey of motion planning and control techniques for self-driving urban vehicles / B. Paden et al // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. – 2016. – Vol. 1, № 1. – P. 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2016.2578706.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A survey of motion planning and control techniques for self-driving urban vehicles / B. Paden et al // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. – 2016. – Vol. 1, № 1. – P. 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2016.2578706.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karginov G. Ackermann steering control for autonomous mobile robots / G. Karginov, K. Zonov // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. – 2021. – Vol. 1061. – 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1061/1/012015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karginov G. Ackermann steering control for autonomous mobile robots / G. Karginov, K. Zonov // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. – 2021. – Vol. 1061. – 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1061/1/012015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A review of motion planning techniques for automated vehicles / D. González et al // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. – 2016. – Vol. 17, № 4. – P. 1135-1145. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2498841.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A review of motion planning techniques for automated vehicles / D. González et al // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. – 2016. – Vol. 17, № 4. – P. 1135-1145. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2498841.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A stable tracking control method for an autonomous mobile robot / Y. Kanayama et al // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). – 1990. – P. 384-389. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.1990.126000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A stable tracking control method for an autonomous mobile robot / Y. Kanayama et al // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). – 1990. – P. 384-389. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.1990.126000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thrun S. Probabilistic Robotics / S. Thrun, W. Burgard, D. Fox // Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. – 657 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thrun S. Probabilistic Robotics / S. Thrun, W. Burgard, D. Fox // Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. – 657 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Springer Handbook of Robotics / B. Siciliano et al // 2nd ed. – Springer, 2016. – 1626 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Springer Handbook of Robotics / B. Siciliano et al // 2nd ed. – Springer, 2016. – 1626 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y. Path tracking control of unmanned ground vehicles based on curvature and yaw stabilization / Y. Gao, S. Li, Z. Li // Robotics and Autonomous Systems. – 2018. – Vol. 102. – P. 80- 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2018.01.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y. Path tracking control of unmanned ground vehicles based on curvature and yaw stabilization / Y. Gao, S. Li, Z. Li // Robotics and Autonomous Systems. – 2018. – Vol. 102. – P. 80- 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2018.01.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sriram A. Ackermann steering-based vehicle with robust tracking control / A. Sriram, K. Krishna // Robotics and Autonomous Systems. – 2019. – Vol. 119. – P. 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2019.06.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sriram A. Ackermann steering-based vehicle with robust tracking control / A. Sriram, K. Krishna // Robotics and Autonomous Systems. – 2019. – Vol. 119. – P. 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2019.06.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clearpath Robotics. Husky Unmanned Ground Vehicle – Technical Specifications. – 2023. https://clearpathrobotics.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clearpath Robotics. Husky Unmanned Ground Vehicle – Technical Specifications. – 2023. https://clearpathrobotics.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clearpath Robotics. Jackal Unmanned Ground Vehicle – Datasheet. – 2023. https://clearpathrobotics.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clearpath Robotics. Jackal Unmanned Ground Vehicle – Datasheet. – 2023. https://clearpathrobotics.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MicroStrain Technologies. IMU Sensors Product Catalog. – 2022. https://www.microstrain.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MicroStrain Technologies. IMU Sensors Product Catalog. – 2022. https://www.microstrain.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MathWorks. Modeling and Simulation of Mobile Robots with Ackermann Steering. MATLAB Documentation. – 2024. https://www.mathworks.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MathWorks. Modeling and Simulation of Mobile Robots with Ackermann Steering. MATLAB Documentation. – 2024. https://www.mathworks.com (data obrashcheniya: 25.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
