<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz44</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические науки</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2788-7995</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3006-0524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53360/2788-7995-2026-2(22)-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz44-2371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ КРИСТАЛЛОВ И ФИЛЬТРАЦИОННЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ФОСФОГИПСА В ДИГИДРАТНОМ И ПОЛУГИДРАТНОМ СПОСОБАХ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЭКСТРАКЦИОННОЙ ФОСФОРНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FORMATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM IN DIHYDRATE AND HEMIHYDRATE METHODS OF WET-PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID PRODUCTION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2357-626X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сейтмагзимова</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seitmagzimova</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галина Мануиловна Сейтмагзимова – кандидат технических наук, профессор кафедры «Технология неорганических и нефтехимических производств», </p><p>160012, г. Шымкент, пр. Тауке хана, 5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina Seitmagzimova – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Technology of Inorganic and Petrochemical Productions,</p><p>5 Tauke Khan Avenue, Shymkent, 160012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galinaseit@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8153-8206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серікбаева</surname><given-names>Ж. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serikbayeva</surname><given-names>Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жүрсінай Садуехасқызы Серікбаева – докторант кафедры «Технология неорганических и нефтехимических производств», </p><p>160012, г. Шымкент, пр. Тауке хана, 5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhursinay Serikbayeva – PhD student of the Department of Technology of Inorganic and Petrochemical Productions, </p><p>5 Tauke Khan Avenue, Shymkent, 160012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Zhursinay.serikbaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полтанова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poltanova</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Андреевна Полтанова – главный технолог,</p><p>г. Тараз, ул. Ниеткалиева,128</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Poltanova – Chief Technologist, Taraz Branch, </p><p>128 Nietkaliyev Street, Taraz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Poltanova.Ye@kpp.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5693-2714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сейтмагзимова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seitmagzimova</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаззат Адебовна Сейтмагзимова – кандидат технических наук, ассистент-профессор кафедры «Технология химического и фармацевтического производства»,</p><p>г. Алматы, ул. Толе би,100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lazzat Seitmagzimova – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor of the Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Production Technology,</p><p>100 Tole Bi Street, Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lseytmag@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-1933</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубова</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubova</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Раиса Ривкатовна Якубова – кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Технология неорганических и нефтехимических производств»,</p><p>160012, г. Шымкент, пр. Тауке хана, 5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Raisa Yakubova – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Technology of Inorganic and Petrochemical Productions, </p><p>5 Tauke Khan Avenue, Shymkent, 160012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yarr-57@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Казахстанский университет имени М. Ауэзова</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ТФ ТОО «Казфосфат» «Минеральные удобрения»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazphosphate LLP, Mineral Fertilizers</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Алматинский технологический университет</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almaty Technological University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2(22)</issue><fpage>636</fpage><lpage>648</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сейтмагзимова Г.М., Серікбаева Ж.С., Полтанова Е.А., Сейтмагзимова Л.А., Якубова Р.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сейтмагзимова Г.М., Серікбаева Ж.С., Полтанова Е.А., Сейтмагзимова Л.А., Якубова Р.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Seitmagzimova G., Serikbayeva Z., Poltanova E., Seitmagzimova L., Yakubova R.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2371">https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2371</self-uri><abstract><p>Проблема утилизации и хранения фосфогипса, образующегося в производстве экстракционной фосфорной кислоты (ЭФК), является чрезвычайно актуальной, так как связана с экологическими проблемами загрязнения водоемов, земель и атмосферы. Накопление фосфогипса в огромных масштабах требует разработки эффективных методов его переработки. Основным требованием для химической переработки фосфогипса является его гранулометрический состав, прежде всего - размер и форма кристаллов. В работе изучено влияние режима получения ЭФК и соотношения жидкой и твёрдой фаз (Ж:Т) на химический состав, размер и габитус кристаллов и фильтрующие свойства фосфогипса. Получение фосфогипса осуществляли дигидратным и полугидратным способами при Ж:Т=2,5:1 и 3:1 в лабораторных условиях и в условиях технологического процесса в Таразском филиале «Минеральные удобрения» компании «Казфосфат». Состав и морфология образцов изучены рентген-флуоресцентным и рентгенофазовым методами и электронной микроскопией. Рентген-дифракционным анализом идентифицировано наличие мелкодисперсного ангидрита, вызывающего снижение фильтруемости осадка фосфогипса, полученного в производственных условиях при температурах 90-95ºС. Установлено, что проведение экстракции в дигидратном режиме при Ж:Т=3:1 способствует образованию более крупных однородных, изометричных кристаллов гипса и обеспечивает максимальную производительность фильтрования. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для оптимизации производства ЭФК.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of utilization and storage of phosphogypsum generated during the production of wetprocess phosphoric acid (WPA) is extremely relevant due to environmental issues associated with the pollution of water bodies, land, and the atmosphere. The large-scale accumulation of phosphogypsum requires the development of effective methods for its processing. A key requirement for the chemical processing of phosphogypsum is its particle-size distribution, primarily the size and shape of crystals. This study investigates the influence of the WPA production mode and the liquid-to-solid ratio (L:S) on the chemical composition, crystal size and habit, and filtration properties of phosphogypsum. Phosphogypsum was produced by dihydrate and hemihydrate methods at L:S ratios of 2.5:1 and 3:1 under laboratory conditions and under industrial process conditions at the Taraz branch «Mineral Fertilizers» of Kazphosphate. The composition and morphology of the samples were examined using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction methods, as well as electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis identified the presence of finely dispersed anhydrite, which reduces the filterability of phosphogypsum precipitate obtained under industrial conditions at temperatures of 90-95°C. It was established that extraction in the dihydrate mode at L:S ratio of 3:1 promotes to formation of larger, uniform-size, isometric crystals of gypsum and ensures the maximum filtration productivity. The research results can be used to optimize WPA production.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фосфогипс</kwd><kwd>экстракционная фосфорная кислота</kwd><kwd>дигидратный и полугидратный методы</kwd><kwd>фильтрование</kwd><kwd>размер кристаллов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phosphogypsum</kwd><kwd>wet-process phosphoric acid</kwd><kwd>dihydrate and hemihydrate methods</kwd><kwd>filtration</kwd><kwd>crystal size</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review / Q. Guan et al // Materials (Basel). – 2024. – № 17(9). – Р. 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092067.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review / Q. Guan et al // Materials (Basel). – 2024. – № 17(9). – R. 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092067. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNECE. From Waste to Opportunity: UNRMS and the Road to 100% Phosphogypsum Utilization [Электрон. ресурс]. – 2025. – URL: https://unece.org/circular-economy/news/wasteopportunity-unrms-and-road-100-phosphogypsum-utilization (дата обращения: 09.05.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNECE. From Waste to Opportunity: UNRMS and the Road to 100% Phosphogypsum Utilization [Ehlektron. resurs]. – 2025. – URL: https://unece.org/circular-economy/news/wasteopportunity-unrms-and-road-100-phosphogypsum-utilization (data obrashcheniya: 09.05.2025). (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ecoportal.kz. Расширение отвала фосфогипса №2 завода минеральных удобрений ТОО «Казфосфат» в г. Тараз, – 2024. – URL:https://share.google/JNAe7YVwPoP6Moyok (дата обращения: 20.05.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ecoportal.kz. Rasshirenie otvala fosfogipsa №2 zavoda mineral'nykh udobrenii TOO «Kazfosfat» v g. Taraz, – 2024. – URL:https://share.google/JNAe7YVwPoP6Moyok (data obrashcheniya: 20.05.2024). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сулейманова А., Бапаев Б., Байдилда Э. Отходы фосфогипса в Таразе впервые начали вывозить за город [Электрон. ресурс]. – 2024. – URL: https://24.kz/ru/news/social/674816-otkhody-fosfogipsa-v-taraze-vpervye-nachali-vyvozit-za-gorod (дата обращения: 09.10.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suleimanova A., Bapaev B., Baidilda Eh. Otkhody fosfogipsa v Taraze vpervye nachali vyvozit' za gorod [Ehlektron. resurs]. – 2024. – URL: https://24.kz/ru/news/social/674816-otkhodyfosfogipsa-v-taraze-vpervye-nachali-vyvozit-za-gorod (data obrashcheniya: 09.10.2024). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Современные направления переработки фосфогипса / В.В. Головнева и др. // Успехи в химии и химической технологии. ТОМ XXXIV. – 2020. – № 4. – С. 65-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sovremennye napravleniya pererabotki fosfogipsa / V.V. Golovneva i dr. // Uspekhi v khimii i khimicheskoi tekhnologii. TOM XXXIV. – 2020. – № 4. – S. 65-67. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Копылев Б.А. Технология экстракционной фосфорной кислоты / Б.А. Копылев. – Л.: Химия, 1981. – 67с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopylev B.A. Tekhnologiya ehkstraktsionnoi fosfornoi kisloty / B.A. Kopylev. – L.: Khimiya, 1981. – 67s. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кислотные методы переработки фосфатного сырья / Е.Л. Яхонтова и др. – М.: Химия, 1988. – 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kislotnye metody pererabotki fosfatnogo syr'ya / E.L. Yakhontova i dr. – M.: Khimiya, 1988. – 288 s. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soboleva I.V., Lyashenko S.E. Studying the Dihydrate Stage of the Process of Preparation of Extractive Phosphoric Acid by the Dihydrate-Hemihydrate Method from Low-Grade Phosphorites I.V. Soboleva, S.E. Lyashenko // Theor Found Chem Eng. – 2023. – № 57. – Р. 633-637. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579523040267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soboleva I.V., Lyashenko S.E. Studying the Dihydrate Stage of the Process of Preparation of Extractive Phosphoric Acid by the Dihydrate-Hemihydrate Method from Low-Grade Phosphorites I.V. Soboleva, S.E. Lyashenko // Theor Found Chem Eng. – 2023. – № 57. – R. 633-637. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579523040267. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soboleva I.V. Investigation of reaction kinetics for industrial dihydrate method of P2O5 production / I.V. Soboleva, E. Koltsova // International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering. – 2006. – № 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soboleva I.V. Investigation of reaction kinetics for industrial dihydrate method of P2O5 production / I.V. Soboleva, E. Koltsova // International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering. – 2006. – № 17. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staged purification of phosphogypsum using pH-dependent separation process / H. Chanouri et al // Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. – 2024. № 31(7). – Р. 9920-9934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staged purification of phosphogypsum using pH-dependent separation process / H. Chanouri et al // Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. – 2024. № 31(7). – R. 9920-9934. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Математическое моделирование полугидратной стадии дигидратно-полугидратного процесса получения экстракционной фосфорной кислоты из фосфоритов / А.С. Егоркин и др. // Фундаментальные исследования. – 2013. – № 6. – С. 33-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matematicheskoe modelirovanie polugidratnoi stadii digidratno-polugidratnogo protsessa polucheniya ehkstraktsionnoi fosfornoi kisloty iz fosforitov / A.S. Egorkin i dr. // Fundamental'nye issledovaniya. – 2013. – № 6. – S. 33-37. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker P. Phosphates and phosphoric acid-raw materials, Technology, and economics of the wet process. – New York: MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker P. Phosphates and phosphoric acid—raw materials, Technology, and economics of the wet process. – New York: MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 1983. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Study on the Properties of Waste Apatite Phosphogypsum as a Raw Material of Prospective Applications / K. Grabas et al // Waste Biomass Valor. – 2019. – № 10. – Р. 3143-3155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0316-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Study on the Properties of Waste Apatite Phosphogypsum as a Raw Material of Prospective Applications / K. Grabas et al // Waste Biomass Valor. – 2019. – № 10. – R. 3143-3155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0316-8. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X. Effect of Molecular Structure of Organic Acids on the Crystal Habit of α-CaSO4·0.5H2O from Phosphogypsum / X. Li, Q. Zhang // Crystals. – 2020. – № 10(1). – Р. 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10010024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X. Effect of Molecular Structure of Organic Acids on the Crystal Habit of α-CaSO4·0.5H2O from Phosphogypsum / X. Li, Q. Zhang // Crystals. – 2020. – № 10(1). – R. 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10010024. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Resource utilization and development of phosphogypsum-based materials in civil engineering / X. Qin et al // J. Clean. Prod. – 2023. – № 387. – Р. 135858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135858</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Resource utilization and development of phosphogypsum-based materials in civil engineering / X. Qin et al // J. Clean. Prod. – 2023. – № 387. – R. 135858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135858 (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Production Waste Management: Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics and the Calculation of the Hazard Class of Phosphogypsum / N. Seraya et al // Processes – 2023. – № 11(10). – Р. 3033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11103033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Production Waste Management: Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics and the Calculation of the Hazard Class of Phosphogypsum / N. Seraya et al // Processes – 2023. – № 11(10). – R. 3033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11103033. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Better filterability and reduced radioactivity of phosphogypsum during phosphoric acid production in Morocco using a fly ash waste and pure silica additive / F.E. Arhouni et al // J Radioanal Nucl Chem. –2022. – № 331. – Р. 1609-1617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-022-08235-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Better filterability and reduced radioactivity of phosphogypsum during phosphoric acid production in Morocco using a fly ash waste and pure silica additive / F.E. Arhouni et al // J Radioanal Nucl Chem. –2022. – № 331. – R. 1609-1617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-022-08235-y. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Позин М.Е. Физико-химические основы неорганической технологии / М.Е. Позин, Р.Ю. Зинюк. – Л.: Химия, 1985. – 384 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pozin M.E. Fiziko-khimicheskie osnovy neorganicheskoi tekhnologii / M.E. Pozin, R.Yu. Zinyuk. – L.: Khimiya, 1985. – 384 s. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические указания к выполнению лабораторных работ по дисциплине «Химическая технология неорганических веществ» / Ш.М. Молдабеков и др. // ЮКГУ им. М. Ауэзова. – Шымкент, 2006. – C. 105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metodicheskie ukazaniya k vypolneniyu laboratornykh rabot po distsipline «Khimicheskaya tekhnologiya neorganicheskikh veshchestv» / Sh.M. Moldabekov i dr. // YUKGU im. M. Auehzova. – Shymkent, 2006. – C. 105. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
