<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz44</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические науки</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2788-7995</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3006-0524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53360/2788-7995-2026-1(21)-11</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz44-2292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ (ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AUTOMATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (ORIGINAL ARTICLE)</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РАЗРАБОТКА ТРЕХЭТАПНОГО ФРЕЙМВОРКА НА БАЗЕ ЯЗЫКОВЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ДЛЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ НОВЫХ КОНЦЕПЦИЙ В ОНТОЛОГИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>AN AI-DRIVEN THREE-STAGE FRAMEWORK FOR DYNAMIC INTEGRATION OF EMERGING CONCEPTS INTO ONTOLOGIES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7514-9315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садирмекова</surname><given-names>Ж. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadirmekova</surname><given-names>Z. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жанна Бакирбаевна Садирмекова – ведущий научный сотрудник «Q» University, ассоциированный профессор </p><p>050026, Алматы, ул. Байзакова 125/185; 010000, г. Астана, проспект Мәңгілік Ел, С1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna Bakirbayevna Sadirmekova – leading researcher at Q University, associate professor </p><p>050026, Almaty, str. Baizakov 125/185;010000, Astana, Mangilik El Avenue, C1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Janna_1988@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8872-7428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдығалым</surname><given-names>Б. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdygalym</surname><given-names>B. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баянғали Хайерберліұлы Абдығалым – магистр технических наук, докторант кафедры информационных систем, Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. Гумилева, Инженер программист «Q» University </p><p>050026, Алматы, ул. Байзакова 125/185;010008, Астана, ул. Сатпаева 2;010000, г. Астана, проспект Кабанбай батыра, 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bayangali Khayerberliuly Abdygalym – master of technical sciences, Phd student of the Department of Information Systems; Software engineer at "Q" University </p><p>050026, Almaty, str. Baizakov 125/185;010008, Astana, Satpayev str. 2;010000, Astana, Qabanbay Batyr Avenue, 8</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bayangali.abd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-1614</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самбетбаева</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sambetbayeva</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мадина Аралбаевна Самбетбаева – Phd, ассоциированный профессор кафедры информационных систем; ведущий научный сотрудник «Q» University </p><p>050026, Алматы, ул. Байзакова 125/185;010008, Астана, ул. Сатпаева 2;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Madina Aralbayevna Sambetbayeva– PhD, associate professor of the Department of Information Systems; leading researcher at Q University </p><p>050026, Almaty, str. Baizakov 125/185;010008, Astana, Satpayev str. 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sambetbayeva_ma_1@enu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-4947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таберхан</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Таberkhan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Роман Таберхан – магистр технических наук, докторант кафедры информационных систем </p><p>050026, Алматы, ул. Байзакова 125/185;010008, Астана, ул. Сатпаева 2;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman Taberkhan – master of technical sciences, Phd student of the Department of Information Systems </p><p>050026, Almaty, str. Baizakov 125/185;010008, Astana, Satpayev str. 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rn_82@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карбозова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karbozova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Индира Аскарбековна Карбозова – сеньор-лектор кафедры «Информационнокоммуникационные технологии» </p><p>г. Тараз, ул.Желтоксан 69Б</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Indira Askarbekovna Karbozova – Senior Lecturer of the Department of Information and Communication Technologies </p><p>Taraz, str.Zheltoksan 69B</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karbozovaindira77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>«Q» University;&#13;
Astana IT University</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Q» University;&#13;
Astana IT University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>«Q» University;&#13;
Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. Гумилева;&#13;
Международный университет Астаны</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Q» University;&#13;
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University;&#13;
Astana International University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>«Q» University;&#13;
Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. Гумилева</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Q» University;&#13;
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Таразский международный университет имени Шерхана Муртазы</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Taraz International University named after Sherkhan Murtaza</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1(21)</issue><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Садирмекова Ж.Б., Абдығалым Б.Х., Самбетбаева M.A., Таберхан Р., Карбозова И.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Садирмекова Ж.Б., Абдығалым Б.Х., Самбетбаева M.A., Таберхан Р., Карбозова И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sadirmekova Z.B., Abdygalym B.K., Sambetbayeva M.A., Таberkhan R., Karbozova I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2292">https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2292</self-uri><abstract><p>В этой статье рассматривается проблема автоматического внедрения новых концепций в онтологии в контексте постоянного обновления знаний и увеличения объема текстовых данных. Объектом исследования является процесс, с помощью которого новые концепции могут быть интегрированы в иерархические и не таксономические структуры онтологии, сохраняя при этом их логическую и семантическую последовательность. Цель работы состоит в том, чтобы создать структуру, состоящую из трех этапов, чтобы автоматизировать поиск, уточнение и оптимальное внедрение идей. Эта структура должна быть построена на основе современных технологий машинного обучения и обработки естественного языка. Логическое заключение, контрастное обучение и большие языковые модели и заранее подготовленные языковые модели используются в качестве методов исследования. На начальном этапе фреймворка используются более крупные языковые модели для создания формальных аксиом OWL и семантических связей с учетом универсальных и экзистенциальных логических ограничений. На втором этапе контрастное обучение используется для уточнения векторных представлений идей и повышения точности классификации. Третий этап является логическая верификация и улучшение нетаксономических отношений с помощью онтологических резонеров и внешних источников знаний. Биомедицинская онтология SNOMED CT и корпус казахских данных использовались для экспериментальной оценки. Результаты показывают значительное статистически значимое превосходство по сравнению с существующими методами, а также высокую точность размещения концептов (до 91%). Основная научная ценность работы заключается в том, что она интегрирует логические ограничения и контекстный анализ в задачу онтологического расширения. Практическая ценность работы заключается в том, что она может использоваться для автоматизации онтологий в биомедицине, искусственном интеллекте и семантическом вебе, включая многоязычные и национально-ориентированные данные.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the problem of automatic implementation of new concepts in ontology in the context of constant updating of knowledge and increasing the volume of textual data. The object of research is the process by which new concepts can be integrated into hierarchical and non-taxonomic structures of ontology, while maintaining their logical and semantic consistency. The purpose of the work is to create a three-stage structure to automate the search, refinement, and optimal implementation of ideas. This structure should be built on the basis of modern machine learning and natural language processing technologies. Logical inference, contrast learning and large language models and pre-prepared language models are used as research methods. At the initial stage of the framework, larger language models are used to create formal OWL axioms and semantic connections, taking into account universal and existential logical constraints. In the second stage, contrast learning is used to refine vector representations of ideas and improve classification accuracy. The third stage is the logical verification and improvement of non-taxonomic relations with the help of ontological reasoners and external sources of knowledge. The biomedical ontology of SNOMED CT and the corpus of Kazakh data were used for experimental evaluation. The results show significant statistical superiority over existing methods, as well as high accuracy of concept placement (up to 91%). The main scientific value of the work lies in the fact that it integrates logical constraints and contextual analysis into the task of ontological expansion. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that it can be used to automate ontologies in biomedicine, artificial intelligence, and the semantic web, including multilingual and nationally oriented data.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>онтологии</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>большие языковые модели</kwd><kwd>обработка естественного языка</kwd><kwd>фреймворк</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ontology</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>big language models</kwd><kwd>natural language processing</kwd><kwd>framework</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A basic description logic / F. Baader et al // In Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – 2017. – Р. 10-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139025355.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A basic description logic / F. Baader et al // In Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – 2017. – Р. 10-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139025355.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ontology languages and applications / F. Baader et al // In Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – 2017. – Р. 205-227. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139025355.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ontology languages and applications / F. Baader et al // In Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – 2017. – Р. 205-227. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139025355.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowledge graphs for the life sciences: Recent developments, challenges, and opportunities / J. Chen et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2309. 17255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowledge graphs for the life sciences: Recent developments, challenges, and opportunities / J. Chen et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2309. 17255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Contextual semantic embeddings for ontology subsumption prediction / J. Chen et al // World Wide Web. – 2023. – Р. 1-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Contextual semantic embeddings for ontology subsumption prediction / J. Chen et al // World Wide Web. – 2023. – Р. 1-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scaling instruction-finetuned language models / H.W. Chung et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2022. – arXiv:2210. 11416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scaling instruction-finetuned language models / H.W. Chung et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2022. – arXiv:2210. 11416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qlora: Efficient fine-tuning of quantized llms / T. Dettmers et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2305. 14314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qlora: Efficient fine-tuning of quantized llms / T. Dettmers et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2305. 14314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ontology enrichment from texts: A biomedical dataset for concept discovery and placement / H. Dong et al // In proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information &amp; Knowledge Management, 2023. New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3615126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ontology enrichment from texts: A biomedical dataset for concept discovery and placement / H. Dong et al // In proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information &amp; Knowledge Management, 2023. New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3615126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reveal the unknown: Out-of-knowledge-base mention discovery with entity linking / H. Dong et al // Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. – 2023. – Р. 452-462. CIKM '23, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3615036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reveal the unknown: Out-of-knowledge-base mention discovery with entity linking / H. Dong et al // Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. – 2023. – Р. 452-462. CIKM '23, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3583780.3615036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Retrieval-augmented Generation for large Language models A survey / Y. Gao et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2312. 10997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Retrieval-augmented Generation for large Language models A survey / Y. Gao et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2312. 10997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibaja, E. A tutorial on multilabel learning / E. Gibaja, S. Ventura // ACM Comput. Surv. – 2015. – № 47(3). https://doi.org/10.1145/2716262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibaja, E. A tutorial on multilabel learning / E. Gibaja, S. Ventura // ACM Comput. Surv. – 2015. – № 47(3). https://doi.org/10.1145/2716262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Interpretable ontology extension in chemistry / M. Glauer et al // Semantic Web Pre-press. – 2023. – Р. 1-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Interpretable ontology extension in chemistry / M. Glauer et al // Semantic Web Pre-press. – 2023. – Р. 1-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OWL 2: The next step for owl / B.C. Grau et al // Journal of Web Semantics. – 2008. – № 6(4). – Р. 309-322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OWL 2: The next step for owl / B.C. Grau et al // Journal of Web Semantics. – 2008. – № 6(4). – Р. 309-322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domain-specific language model pretraining for biomedical natural language processing / Y. Gu et al // ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare. – 2021. – № 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1145/3458754.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domain-specific language model pretraining for biomedical natural language processing / Y. Gu et al // ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare. – 2021. – № 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1145/3458754.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Exploring large language models for ontology alignment / Y. He et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2309.07172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Exploring large language models for ontology alignment / Y. He et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2309.07172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deeponto: A python package for ontology engineering with deep learning / Y. He et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2307. 03067.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deeponto: A python package for ontology engineering with deep learning / Y. He et al // ArXiv preprint. – 2023. – arXiv:2307. 03067.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Language model analysis for ontology subsumption inference / Y. He et al // findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL. – 2023. – Р. 3439-3453. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Language model analysis for ontology subsumption inference / Y. He et al // findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL. – 2023. – Р. 3439-3453. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hertling S. Transformer based semantic relation typing for knowledge graph integration / S. Hertling, H. Paulheim // In European Semantic Web Conference. – Р. 105-121. Springer.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hertling S. Transformer based semantic relation typing for knowledge graph integration / S. Hertling, H. Paulheim // In European Semantic Web Conference. – Р. 105-121. Springer.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jurafsky D. Speech and Language Processing / D. Jurafsky, J.H. Martin // 3rd Edition Online. – 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jurafsky D. Speech and Language Processing / D. Jurafsky, J.H. Martin // 3rd Edition Online. – 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudo T. SentencePiece: A simple and language-independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing / T. Kudo, J. Richardson // Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical methods in Natural Language Processing: System demonstrations. – 2018. – Р. 66-71, Brussels, Belgium. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D18-2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudo T. SentencePiece: A simple and language-independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing / T. Kudo, J. Richardson // Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical methods in Natural Language Processing: System demonstrations. – 2018. – Р. 66-71, Brussels, Belgium. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D18-2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Self-alignment pretraining for biomedical entity representations / F. Liu et al // Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies. – 2021. – Р. 4228-4238. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.naacl.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Self-alignment pretraining for biomedical entity representations / F. Liu et al // Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies. – 2021. – Р. 4228-4238. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.naacl.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H. Concept placement using Bert trained by transforming and summarizing biomedical ontology structure / H. Liu, Y. Perl, J. Geller // J. of Biomedical Informatics. – 2020. – Р. 112(C).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu H. Concept placement using Bert trained by transforming and summarizing biomedical ontology structure / H. Liu, Y. Perl, J. Geller // J. of Biomedical Informatics. – 2020. – Р. 112(C).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reimers N. Sentence-BERT: Sentence embeddings using Siamese BERT-networks / N. Reimers, I. Gurevych // Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). – 2019. – Р. 3982-3992. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reimers N. Sentence-BERT: Sentence embeddings using Siamese BERT-networks / N. Reimers, I. Gurevych // Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). – 2019. – Р. 3982-3992. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruas P. Nilinker: Attention-based approach to nil entity linking / P. Ruas, F.M. Couto // Journal of Biomedical Informatics. – 2022. – Р. 104137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruas P. Nilinker: Attention-based approach to nil entity linking / P. Ruas, F.M. Couto // Journal of Biomedical Informatics. – 2022. – Р. 104137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
