kaz44Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические наукиBulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences2788-79953006-0524«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ10.53360/2788-7995-2025-3(19)-70kaz44-2009Research ArticleХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ (ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ)CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY (ORIGINAL ARTICLE)МОДИФИКАЦИЯ МАТЕРИАЛОВ НА ОСНОВЕ MXENE ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ВВЕДЕНИЯ КРЕМНИЯ (SIO2/SIOx/SI) РАЗЛИЧНЫМИ МЕТОДАМИ: РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДОВ СИНТЕЗА И АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫХ СТРАТЕГИЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОЙ МОДИФИКАЦИИMODIFICATION OF MXENE-BASED MATERIALS THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF SILICON (SIO2/SIOx/SI) BY VARIOUS METHODS: DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES AND ALTERNATIVE SURFACE MODIFICATION STRATEGIEShttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6265-6238ӘліпұлыМ.AlipulyM.

Мұхтар Әліпұлы – докторант кафедры «Материаловедение, нанотехнологии и инженерная физика»

050013, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22

Mukhtar Alipuly – doctoral student of the department «Materials science, nanotechnology and engineering physics»

050013, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 22 Satbayev street

mukhtaralipuly@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8998-0409АсқарұлыК.AskarulyK.

Қыдыр Асқарұлы – доктор технических наук, Ассоциированный профессор кафедры «Общая физика»

 050013, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22 

Kydyr Askaruly – PhD technical sciences, Associate professor of the department of «General physics»

050013, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 22 Satbayev street

k.askaruly@satbayev.universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1182-7460ТоштайК.ToshtayK.

Кайнаубек Тоштай – доцент, кафедра «Физическая химия, катализ и нефтехимия»

050040, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы, проспект Аль-Фараби, 71

Kainaubek Toshtay – Associate Professor, Department of Physical Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry

050040, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Al-Farabi avenue, 71

kainaubek.toshtay@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1216-7150НұрғалиевН. Н.NurgaliyevN. N.

Нұржан Нұрлыбекұлы Нұрғалиев – PhD

071410, Республика Казахстан, г. Семей, ул. Глинки, 20А 

Nurzhan Nurgaliyev – PhD

071410, Republic of Kazakhstan, Semey, 20А Glinka street 

n.nurgaliyev@semgu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9705-7438АзатС.AzatS.

Сейтхан Азат – Профессор, заведующий Лаборатории Инженерного Профиля

050013, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22

Seitkhan Azat – Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Engineering Profile

050013, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 22 Satbayev street

s.azat@satbayev.universitySatbayev UniveristyКазахстанSatbayev UniveristyKazakhstanКазахский национальный университет имени Аль-ФарабиКазахстанAl-Farabi Kazakh national universityKazakhstanШәкәрім университетКазахстанShakarim UniversityKazakhstan20250311202503(19)634646Copyright © Әліпұлы М., Асқарұлы К., Тоштай К., Нұрғалиев Н.Н., Азат С., 20252025Әліпұлы М., Асқарұлы К., Тоштай К., Нұрғалиев Н.Н., Азат С.Alipuly M., Askaruly K., Toshtay K., Nurgaliyev N.N., Azat S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/2009

MXene – это перспективный класс двумерных карбидов и нитридов переходных металлов. Благодаря уникальному сочетанию таких свойств, как высокая электропроводность, большая удельная поверхность, гидрофильность и гибкость поверхностного состава, эти материалы вызывают широкий научный интерес. Такие характеристики делают MXene привлекательным для применения в системах хранения энергии, сенсорах, электрокатализе, фильтрации и очистке окружающей среды. Однако склонность к окислению и недостаточная долговременная стабильность являются важными ограничивающими факторами при их практическом использовании.Для преодоления этих ограничений предлагаются модификации на основе кремния – в частности, использование Si, SiO₂ и SiOx – как эффективная стратегия повышения структурной стабильности MXene. В обзоре рассматриваются методы функционализации с использованием кремнийсодержащих компонентов, включая золь-гель синтез, метод Штёбера, химическое осаждение из газовой фазы (CVD), атомно-слоёвое осаждение (ALD) и методы напыления.Модификация с использованием кремния повышает устойчивость к окислению, термическую стабильность, площадь поверхности и совместимость с композитами. Эти улучшенные свойства усиливают эффективность кремний-модифицированных MXene в литий- и алюминий-ионных аккумуляторах, суперконденсаторах, сенсорах и катализаторах. Кроме того, их фотокаталитические и адсорбционные способности позволяют использовать такие материалы в экологически значимых технологиях. Обзор также рассматривает устойчивые и масштабируемые методы интеграции MXene в многофункциональные системы будущего.

MXene represents a promising class of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides of transition metals. Due to their unique combination of high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, hydrophilicity, and tunable surface chemistry, they have attracted significant scientific interest. These properties enable the application of MXenes in energy storage systems, sensors, electrocatalysis, filtration, and environmental remediation. However, their susceptibility to oxidation and insufficient long-term stability remain major challenges for practical use.To address these limitations, silicon-based modifications – specifically involving Si, SiO₂, and SiOx – are proposed as effective strategies for enhancing the structural stability of MXenes. This review analyzes functionalization methods employing silicon-containing components, including sol–gel synthesis, the Stöber method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and sputtering techniques. Silicon modification improves oxidation resistance, thermal stability, surface area, and compatibility with composites. These enhanced properties contribute to improved performance of silicon-modified MXenes in lithium- and aluminum-ion batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and catalysts. Additionally, their photocatalytic activity and pollutant adsorption capabilities support applications in environmental protection technologies. The review also explores sustainable and scalable strategies for integrating MXenes into future multifunctional systems.

MXeneдиоксид кремния (SiO₂)поверхностная модификацияхранение энергииочистка водыфотокатализMXenesilicon dioxide (SiO₂)surface modificationenergy storagewater purificationphotocatalysisReferencesAnasori B. 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Energy Storage / B. Anasori, M.R. Lukatskaya, Y. Gogotsi // Nature Reviews Materials. – 2017. – № 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98.Anasori B. 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Energy Storage / B. Anasori, M.R. Lukatskaya, Y. Gogotsi // Nature Reviews Materials. – 2017. – № 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98.Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3alc2 / M. Naguib et al // Advanced Materials. – 2011. – № 23. – Р. 4248-4253, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102306.Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3alc2 / M. Naguib et al // Advanced Materials. – 2011. – № 23. – Р. 4248-4253, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102306.A Review on MXene and Its’ Composites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Applications / R. Verma et al // Carbon. – 2023. – № 208. – Р. 170-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.03.050.A Review on MXene and Its’ Composites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Applications / R. Verma et al // Carbon. – 2023. – № 208. – Р. 170-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.03.050.A Review on MXene Synthesis, Stability, and Photocatalytic Applications / G. Murali et al // ACS Nano. – 2022. – № 16. – Р. 13370-13429. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04750.A Review on MXene Synthesis, Stability, and Photocatalytic Applications / G. Murali et al // ACS Nano. – 2022. – № 16. – Р. 13370-13429. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04750.Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Based Biosensing and Molecular Imaging / H. Liu et al // Nanophotonics. – 2022. – № 11. – Р. 4977-4993. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0550.Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Based Biosensing and Molecular Imaging / H. Liu et al // Nanophotonics. – 2022. – № 11. – Р. 4977-4993. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0550.MXene Materials for Designing Advanced Separation Membranes / H.E. Karahan et al // Advanced Materials. – 2020. – № 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906697.MXene Materials for Designing Advanced Separation Membranes / H.E. Karahan et al // Advanced Materials. – 2020. – № 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906697.Gogotsi Y. The Rise of MXenes. / Y. Gogotsi, B. Anasori // ACS Nano. – 2019. – № 13. – Р. 8491-8494. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06394.Gogotsi Y. The Rise of MXenes. / Y. Gogotsi, B. Anasori // ACS Nano. – 2019. – № 13. – Р. 8491-8494. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06394.Oxidation Stability of Colloidal Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (MXenes) / C.J. Zhang et al // Chemistry of Materials. – 2017. – № 29. – Р. 4848-4856. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00745.Oxidation Stability of Colloidal Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (MXenes) / C.J. Zhang et al // Chemistry of Materials. – 2017. – № 29. – Р. 4848-4856. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00745.Hollow MXene Spheres and 3D Macroporous MXene Frameworks for Na‐Ion Storage / М. Zhao et al // Advanced Materials. – 2017. – № 29. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702410.Hollow MXene Spheres and 3D Macroporous MXene Frameworks for Na‐Ion Storage / М. Zhao et al // Advanced Materials. – 2017. – № 29. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702410.Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene) / М. Alhabeb et al // In MXenes; Jenny Stanford Publishing: New York, 2023. – Р. 415-449.Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene) / М. Alhabeb et al // In MXenes; Jenny Stanford Publishing: New York, 2023. – Р. 415-449.MXene Films: Scalable Manufacturing of Free‐Standing, Strong Ti3C2Tx MXene Films with Outstanding Conductivity (Adv. Mater. 23/2020) / J. Zhang et al // Advanced Materials. – 2020. – № 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070180.MXene Films: Scalable Manufacturing of Free‐Standing, Strong Ti3C2Tx MXene Films with Outstanding Conductivity (Adv. Mater. 23/2020) / J. Zhang et al // Advanced Materials. – 2020. – № 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070180.Enhanced Cycling Performance of Si-MXene Nanohybrids as Anode for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries / X. Zhu et al // Chemical Engineering Journal. – 2019. – № 378. – Р. 122212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122212.Enhanced Cycling Performance of Si-MXene Nanohybrids as Anode for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries / X. Zhu et al // Chemical Engineering Journal. – 2019. – № 378. – Р. 122212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122212.Three‐dimensional Structured MXene/SiO2 for Improving the Interfacial Properties of Composites by Self‐assembly Strategy / J. Guo et al // Polymer Composites. – 2021. – № 43. – Р. 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26358.Three‐dimensional Structured MXene/SiO2 for Improving the Interfacial Properties of Composites by Self‐assembly Strategy / J. Guo et al // Polymer Composites. – 2021. – № 43. – Р. 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26358.Burgeoning Silicon/MXene Nanocomposites for Lithium Ion Batteries: A Review / Р. Zhang et al // Advanced Functional Materials. – 2024. – № 34. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202402307.Burgeoning Silicon/MXene Nanocomposites for Lithium Ion Batteries: A Review / Р. Zhang et al // Advanced Functional Materials. – 2024. – № 34. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202402307.Three‐dimensional Structured MXene/SiO2 for Improving the Interfacial Properties of Composites by Self‐assembly Strategy / J. Guo et al // Polymer Composites. – № 43. – Р. 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26358.Three‐dimensional Structured MXene/SiO2 for Improving the Interfacial Properties of Composites by Self‐assembly Strategy / J. Guo et al // Polymer Composites. – № 43. – Р. 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26358.Design of PDMS/SiO2@MXene Composites with «Floatable Interlayer» Structure for the Electromagnetic Shielding Behavior Improvement / Y. Duan et al // Chemical Engineering Journal. – 2023. – № 461. – Р. 141853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141853.Design of PDMS/SiO2@MXene Composites with «Floatable Interlayer» Structure for the Electromagnetic Shielding Behavior Improvement / Y. Duan et al // Chemical Engineering Journal. – 2023. – № 461. – Р. 141853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141853.Ultralong Stability of Ti3C2Tx‐MXene Dispersion Through Synergistic Regulation of Storage Environment and Defect Capping with Tris‐HCl Buffering / J. Tan et al // Small Methods. – 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202301689.Ultralong Stability of Ti3C2Tx‐MXene Dispersion Through Synergistic Regulation of Storage Environment and Defect Capping with Tris‐HCl Buffering / J. Tan et al // Small Methods. – 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202301689.MXene Hydrogels: Fundamentals and Applications / Y.-Z. Zhang et al // Chemical Society Reviews. – 2020. – № 49. – Р. 7229-7251. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00022a.MXene Hydrogels: Fundamentals and Applications / Y.-Z. Zhang et al // Chemical Society Reviews. – 2020. – № 49. – Р. 7229-7251. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00022a.MXene Printing and Patterned Coating for Device Applications / Y. Zhang et al // Advanced Materials. – 2020. – № 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908486.MXene Printing and Patterned Coating for Device Applications / Y. Zhang et al // Advanced Materials. – 2020. – № 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908486.Applications of 2D MXenes in Energy Conversion and Storage Systems / J. Pang et al // Chemical Society Reviews. – 2019. – № 48. – Р. 72-133. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00324f.Applications of 2D MXenes in Energy Conversion and Storage Systems / J. Pang et al // Chemical Society Reviews. – 2019. – № 48. – Р. 72-133. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00324f.Highly Electrically Conductive Three-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Aerogels with Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances / S. Zhao et al // ACS Nano. – 2018. – № 12. – Р. 11193-11202. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b05739.Highly Electrically Conductive Three-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Aerogels with Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances / S. Zhao et al // ACS Nano. – 2018. – № 12. – Р. 11193-11202. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b05739.Geng X. Application of MXene‐Based Materials for Cathode in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries / X. Geng, L. Yang, P. Song // Chemistry – A European Journal. – 2024. – № 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202303451.Geng X. Application of MXene‐Based Materials for Cathode in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries / X. Geng, L. Yang, P. Song // Chemistry – A European Journal. – 2024. – № 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202303451.Mozafari M. Surface Functionalization of MXenes // M. Mozafari, M. Soroush // Materials Advances. – 2021. – № 2. – Р. 7277-7307. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00625h.Mozafari M. Surface Functionalization of MXenes // M. Mozafari, M. Soroush // Materials Advances. – 2021. – № 2. – Р. 7277-7307. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00625h.A Review of Porous Carbons Produced by Template Methods for Supercapacitor Applications / W. Zhang et al // New Carbon Materials. – 2021. – № 36. – Р. 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5805(21)60005-7.A Review of Porous Carbons Produced by Template Methods for Supercapacitor Applications / W. Zhang et al // New Carbon Materials. – 2021. – № 36. – Р. 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5805(21)60005-7.Jiang T. Enhanced Performance of Silicon Negative Electrodes Composited with Titanium Carbide Based MXenes for Lithium-Ion Batteries / T. Jiang, H. Yang, G.Z. Chen // Nanoenergy Advances. – 2022. – № 2. – Р. 165-196. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv2020007.Jiang T. Enhanced Performance of Silicon Negative Electrodes Composited with Titanium Carbide Based MXenes for Lithium-Ion Batteries / T. Jiang, H. Yang, G.Z. Chen // Nanoenergy Advances. – 2022. – № 2. – Р. 165-196. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv2020007.Solution Reactivity Studies for Identification of Promising New ALD and Pulsed CVD Reaction Chemistries / В. Vidjayacoumar et al // ECS Transactions. – 2013. – № 50. – Р. 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1149/05013.0053ecst.Solution Reactivity Studies for Identification of Promising New ALD and Pulsed CVD Reaction Chemistries / В. Vidjayacoumar et al // ECS Transactions. – 2013. – № 50. – Р. 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1149/05013.0053ecst.Stoldt C.R. Ultra-Thin Film Encapsulation Processes for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Devices and Systems / C.R. Stoldt, V.M. Bright // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. – 2006. – № 39. – Р. R163-R170. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/9/r01.Stoldt C.R. Ultra-Thin Film Encapsulation Processes for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Devices and Systems / C.R. Stoldt, V.M. Bright // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. – 2006. – № 39. – Р. R163-R170. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/9/r01.Shielding 2D MXenes against Oxidative Degradation: Recent Advances, Factors and Preventive Measures / S. Kumar et al // Journal of Materials Chemistry C. – 2024. – № 12. – Р. 8243-8281. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4tc00884g.Shielding 2D MXenes against Oxidative Degradation: Recent Advances, Factors and Preventive Measures / S. Kumar et al // Journal of Materials Chemistry C. – 2024. – № 12. – Р. 8243-8281. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4tc00884g.MXene-Coated Ion-Selective Electrode Sensors for Highly Stable and Selective Lithium Dynamics Monitoring / Y. Huang et al // Environmental Science & Technology. – 2023. – № 58. – Р. 1359-1368. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c06235.MXene-Coated Ion-Selective Electrode Sensors for Highly Stable and Selective Lithium Dynamics Monitoring / Y. Huang et al // Environmental Science & Technology. – 2023. – № 58. – Р. 1359-1368. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c06235.Sustainable MXene Synthesis via Molten Salt Method and Nano-Silicon Coating for Enhanced Lithium-Ion Battery Performance / H. Kim et al // Molecules. – 2025. – № 30. – Р. 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040812.Sustainable MXene Synthesis via Molten Salt Method and Nano-Silicon Coating for Enhanced Lithium-Ion Battery Performance / H. Kim et al // Molecules. – 2025. – № 30. – Р. 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040812.A Flexible Si@C Electrode with Excellent Stability Employing an MXene as a Multifunctional Binder for Lithium‐Ion Batteries / Р. Zhang et al // ChemSusChem. – 2019. – № 13. – Р. 1621-1628. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901497.A Flexible Si@C Electrode with Excellent Stability Employing an MXene as a Multifunctional Binder for Lithium‐Ion Batteries / Р. Zhang et al // ChemSusChem. – 2019. – № 13. – Р. 1621-1628. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901497.Recent Progress in Si/Ti3C2Tx MXene Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries / Х. Jiang et al // iScience. – 2024. – № 27. – Р. 111217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111217.Recent Progress in Si/Ti3C2Tx MXene Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries / Х. Jiang et al // iScience. – 2024. – № 27. – Р. 111217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111217.Performance and Application of Si/Ti3C2TX (MXene) Composites in Lithium Ion Battery / T. Jiang et al // Journal of Physics: Energy. – 2023. – № 5. – Р. 014020. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acb6b4.Performance and Application of Si/Ti3C2TX (MXene) Composites in Lithium Ion Battery / T. Jiang et al // Journal of Physics: Energy. – 2023. – № 5. – Р. 014020. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acb6b4.Rice Husk Waste into Various Template-Engineered Mesoporous Silica Materials for Different Applications: A Comprehensive Review on Recent Developments / A.G. Gebretatios et al // Chemosphere. – 2023. – № 310. – Р. 136843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136843.Rice Husk Waste into Various Template-Engineered Mesoporous Silica Materials for Different Applications: A Comprehensive Review on Recent Developments / A.G. Gebretatios et al // Chemosphere. – 2023. – № 310. – Р. 136843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136843.Sustainable Harnessing of SiO2 Nanoparticles from Rice Husks: A Review of the Best Synthesis and Applications / А. Rodriguez-Otero et al // Processes. – 2023. – № 11. – Р. 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123373.Sustainable Harnessing of SiO2 Nanoparticles from Rice Husks: A Review of the Best Synthesis and Applications / А. Rodriguez-Otero et al // Processes. – 2023. – № 11. – Р. 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123373.Mesoporous Silica with an Alveolar Construction Obtained by Eco-Friendly Treatment of Rice Husks / М. Popova et al // Molecules. – 2024. – № 29. – Р. 3540. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153540.Mesoporous Silica with an Alveolar Construction Obtained by Eco-Friendly Treatment of Rice Husks / М. Popova et al // Molecules. – 2024. – № 29. – Р. 3540. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153540.Covalent Stabilization and Functionalization of MXene via Silylation Reactions with Improved Surface Properties / J. Ji et al // FlatChem. – 2019. – № 17. – Р. 100128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2019.100128.Covalent Stabilization and Functionalization of MXene via Silylation Reactions with Improved Surface Properties / J. Ji et al // FlatChem. – 2019. – № 17. – Р. 100128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2019.100128.Surface Modification of a MXene by an Aminosilane Coupling Agent / Н. Riazi et al // Advanced Materials Interfaces. – 2020. – № 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201902008.Surface Modification of a MXene by an Aminosilane Coupling Agent / Н. Riazi et al // Advanced Materials Interfaces. – 2020. – № 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201902008.Mozafari, M.; Soroush, M. Surface Functionalization of MXenes / M. Mozafari, M. Soroush // Materials Advances. – 2021. – № 2. – Р. 7277-7307. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00625h.Mozafari, M.; Soroush, M. Surface Functionalization of MXenes / M. Mozafari, M. Soroush // Materials Advances. – 2021. – № 2. – Р. 7277-7307. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00625h.Interfacial Charge Transfer and Interaction in the MXene/TiO2 Heterostructures Available / L. Xu et al; online: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09180.Interfacial Charge Transfer and Interaction in the MXene/TiO2 Heterostructures Available / L. Xu et al; online: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09180.Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology with MXene Material: A Review / N. Xu et al // Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. – 2022. – № 12. – Р. 100418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100418.Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology with MXene Material: A Review / N. Xu et al // Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. – 2022. – № 12. – Р. 100418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100418.MXene-Based Composite Photocatalysts for Efficient Degradation of Antibiotics in Wastewater / M. Akbari et al // Scientific Reports. – 2024. – № 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83333-3.MXene-Based Composite Photocatalysts for Efficient Degradation of Antibiotics in Wastewater / M. Akbari et al // Scientific Reports. – 2024. – № 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83333-3.MXene-Based Flexible Sensors: A Review / S. Hajian et al // Frontiers in Sensors. – 2022. – № 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.1006749.MXene-Based Flexible Sensors: A Review / S. Hajian et al // Frontiers in Sensors. – 2022. – № 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.1006749.Recent Progress in MXene-Based Materials for Water Treatment Application: A Review / L. Song et al // Journal of Water Process Engineering. – 2025. – № 72. – Р. 107640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107640.Recent Progress in MXene-Based Materials for Water Treatment Application: A Review / L. Song et al // Journal of Water Process Engineering. – 2025. – № 72. – Р. 107640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107640.Engineering the next Generation of MXenes: Challenges and Strategies for Scalable Production and Enhanced Performance / W. Bao et al // Nanoscale. – 2025. – № 17. – Р. 6204-6265. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4nr04560b.Engineering the next Generation of MXenes: Challenges and Strategies for Scalable Production and Enhanced Performance / W. Bao et al // Nanoscale. – 2025. – № 17. – Р. 6204-6265. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4nr04560b.Synthesis, Toxicity Assessment, Environmental and Biomedical Applications of MXenes: A Review / I.A. Vasyukova et al // Nanomaterials. – 2022. – № 12. – Р. 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111797.Synthesis, Toxicity Assessment, Environmental and Biomedical Applications of MXenes: A Review / I.A. Vasyukova et al // Nanomaterials. – 2022. – № 12. – Р. 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111797.MXenes for Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review on Conservation and Storage Applications / М. Jussambayev et al // Carbon Trends. – 2025. – № 19. – Р. 100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100471.MXenes for Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review on Conservation and Storage Applications / М. Jussambayev et al // Carbon Trends. – 2025. – № 19. – Р. 100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100471.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.