kaz44Вестник Университета Шакарима. Серия технические наукиBulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences2788-79953006-0524«Шәкәрім университеті» КеАҚ10.53360/2788-7995-2025-2(18)-47kaz44-1790Research ArticleТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ ФИЗИКА И ТЕПЛОЭНЕРГЕТИКАКАК МОЖНО УМЕНЬШИТЬ ПОТЕРЮ СИГНАЛА И УЛУЧШИТЬ ШИФРОВАНИЕ С ПОМОЩЬЮ КВАНТОВОЙ ЗАПУТАННОСТИ В СПУТНИКОВОЙ СВЯЗИHOW MAY SIGNAL LOSS BE DECREASED AND ENCRYPTION IMPROVED BY QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-6084АстемесоваК. С.AstemessovaK.

Каламкас Сериковна Астемесова – PhD, ассоциированный профессор, заведующий кафедры общей физики,

050013, г.Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22

naucha@mail.ru

Kalamkas Astemessova – PhD, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of General Physics, 

050013, Almaty, Satbayev street 22

k.astemessova@satbayev.universityРымғалиеваМ. Д.RymgaliyevaM.

Малика Думанқызы Рымғалиева – обучающаяся,  

010000, Астана, улица Туркестан 32/1

Malika Rymgaliyeva – schoolgirl,

010000, Astana, Turkestan Street 32/1

rymgalievamalika67@gmail.comКазахский национальный технический университет имени К.И. СатпаеваКазахстанSatbayev Kazakh National Research Technical UniversityKazakhstanАстана қаласының Халықаралық мектепКазахстанInternational School of AstanaKazakhstan20250807202502(18)384391Copyright © Астемесова К.С., Рымғалиева М.Д., 20252025Астемесова К.С., Рымғалиева М.Д.Astemessova K., Rymgaliyeva M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://tech.vestnik.shakarim.kz/jour/article/view/1790

Спутниковая связь является важнейшим компонентом глобальной связи, обеспечивая передачу данных на большие расстояния для таких приложений, как телекоммуникации, навигация и радиовещание. Однако ухудшение сигнала из-за атмосферных помех, рассеяния и затухания создает значительные проблемы для поддержания надежной связи. В данном исследовании изучается роль квантовой запутанности в снижении потерь сигнала и повышении уровня шифрования в системах спутниковой связи. Использование квантового распределения ключей (QKD) и методов квантовой коррекции ошибок позволяет добиться безопасной и эффективной передачи данных. Рассматриваются различные стратегии, включая адаптивное формирование луча, более высокие частотные диапазоны, спутниковые ретрансляторы и мониторинг атмосферы в режиме реального времени, для повышения надежности связи. Интеграция квантовой связи с передовыми методами обработки сигналов демонстрирует потенциальные улучшения целостности данных, сокращение задержек и повышение безопасности. Кроме того, исследование рассматривает влияние использования более высоких частотных диапазонов и оптимизации передачи данных с помощью мониторинга атмосферы в режиме реального времени для противодействия затуханию сигнала. Полученные результаты подчеркивают преобразующий потенциал квантовых технологий в современных спутниковых сетях, открывая путь к следующему поколению безопасной и эффективной связи. Хотя проблемы, такие как атмосферные возмущения и технические сложности, сохраняются, дальнейшее развитие квантовых технологий и стратегий оптимизации в реальном времени дает надежду на их преодоление. Будущие исследования должны быть сосредоточены на совершенствовании квантовых протоколов и решении проблем внедрения, чтобы в полной мере реализовать преимущества квантовой запутанности в системах спутниковой связи.

Satellite communication is a critical component of global connectivity, enabling data transmission across vast distances for applications such as telecommunications, navigation, and broadcasting. However, signal degradation due to atmospheric interference, scattering, and attenuation presents a significant challenge to maintaining reliable communication. This study explores the role of quantum entanglement in mitigating signal loss and improving encryption in satellite communication systems. By leveraging quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum error correction techniques, secure and efficient data transmission can be achieved. Various strategies, including adaptive beamforming, higher frequency bands, satellite relays, and real-time atmospheric monitoring, are examined to enhance communication reliability. The integration of quantum communication with advanced signal processing techniques demonstrates potential improvements in data integrity, reduced latency, and enhanced security. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of deploying higher frequency bands and optimizing transmission through real-time atmospheric monitoring to counteract signal attenuation. The findings highlight the transformative potential of quantum technology in modern satellite networks, offering a pathway to the next generation of secure and efficient communication. While challenges such as atmospheric disturbances and technical complexities remain, continued advancements in quantum technologies and real-time optimization strategies hold promise for overcoming these obstacles. Future research should focus on refining quantum protocols and addressing implementation challenges to fully realize the benefits of quantum entanglement in satellite communication systems.

коммуникационные сигналыатмосферные помехиквантовая связьмодели прогнозированиядеградация сигналаисправление ошибокcommunication signalsatmospheric interferencequantum communicationprediction modelssignal degradationerror correctionReferencesFurqan M., Goswami B. Satellite Communication Networks. 2022. P. 1–22.Furqan M., Goswami B. Satellite Communication Networks. 2022. P. 1–22.Štambuk I., Malarić K. Analysis of Possibility of New Generation Satellite Communications for Navigation // Transactions on Maritime Science. 2024. Vol. 13.Štambuk I., Malarić K. Analysis of Possibility of New Generation Satellite Communications for Navigation // Transactions on Maritime Science. 2024. Vol. 13.Alabi M. Telecommunications and Wireless Networks for Disaster Response and Recovery. 2023.Alabi M. Telecommunications and Wireless Networks for Disaster Response and Recovery. 2023.Seba A., Nouali N., Seba H. A review on security challenges of wireless communications in disaster emergency response and crisis management situations // Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2018. Vol. 126.Seba A., Nouali N., Seba H. A review on security challenges of wireless communications in disaster emergency response and crisis management situations // Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2018. Vol. 126.Tanasic J., Cvetković V. The Efficiency of Disaster and Crisis Management Policy at the Local Level: Lessons from Serbia. 2024.Tanasic J., Cvetković V. The Efficiency of Disaster and Crisis Management Policy at the Local Level: Lessons from Serbia. 2024.Federici J., Ma J., Moeller L. Review of weather impact on outdoor terahertz wireless communication links // Nano Communication Networks. 2016. Vol. 10.Federici J., Ma J., Moeller L. Review of weather impact on outdoor terahertz wireless communication links // Nano Communication Networks. 2016. Vol. 10.Wu Z. et al. Identification of Terahertz Link Modulation in Atmospheric Weather Conditions // Applied Sciences. 2023. Vol. 13. P. 7831.Wu Z. et al. Identification of Terahertz Link Modulation in Atmospheric Weather Conditions // Applied Sciences. 2023. Vol. 13. P. 7831.Goshu B. IONOSPHERIC INSTABILITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GROUND-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. 2025. Vol. 2. P. 12–32.Goshu B. IONOSPHERIC INSTABILITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GROUND-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. 2025. Vol. 2. P. 12–32.Bekaert D. et al. Statistical comparison of InSAR tropospheric correction techniques // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2015. Vol. 170. P. 40–47.Bekaert D. et al. Statistical comparison of InSAR tropospheric correction techniques // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2015. Vol. 170. P. 40–47.Gessel A. et al. Laser scattering on an atmospheric pressure plasma jet: Disentangling Rayleigh, Raman and Thomson scattering // Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2012. Vol. 21. P. 015003.Gessel A. et al. Laser scattering on an atmospheric pressure plasma jet: Disentangling Rayleigh, Raman and Thomson scattering // Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2012. Vol. 21. P. 015003.Raj P., Devara P. Scattering angle distribution of laser-return signal strength in the lower atmosphere // Journal of Aerosol Science. 1995. Vol. 26. P. 51–59.Raj P., Devara P. Scattering angle distribution of laser-return signal strength in the lower atmosphere // Journal of Aerosol Science. 1995. Vol. 26. P. 51–59.Siles G., Riera J., García-del-Pino P. On the Use of Radiometric Measurements to Estimate Atmospheric Attenuation at 100 and 300 GHz // Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. 2011. Vol. 32. P. 528–540.Siles G., Riera J., García-del-Pino P. On the Use of Radiometric Measurements to Estimate Atmospheric Attenuation at 100 and 300 GHz // Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. 2011. Vol. 32. P. 528–540.Karimi M., Nasiri-Kenari M. Free Space Optical Communications via Optical Amplify-and-Forward Relaying // Journal of Lightwave Technology. 2011. Vol. 29. P. 242–248.Karimi M., Nasiri-Kenari M. Free Space Optical Communications via Optical Amplify-and-Forward Relaying // Journal of Lightwave Technology. 2011. Vol. 29. P. 242–248.Li S. et al. Mixed THz/FSO Relaying Systems: Statistical Analysis and Performance Evaluation // IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2022. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Li S. et al. Mixed THz/FSO Relaying Systems: Statistical Analysis and Performance Evaluation // IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2022. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Liu Y., Li H. Research on Multipath Channel Performance of Free Space Optical Communication. 2020. P. 420–423.Liu Y., Li H. Research on Multipath Channel Performance of Free Space Optical Communication. 2020. P. 420–423.Liberovskiy N., Priputin V., Chirov D. A review of research on adaptive beamforming and digital signal processing // H&ES Research. 2021. Vol. 13. P. 16–21.Liberovskiy N., Priputin V., Chirov D. A review of research on adaptive beamforming and digital signal processing // H&ES Research. 2021. Vol. 13. P. 16–21.Zhang X., Feng D. Low-Complexity Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm With High Dimensional and Small Samples // IEEE Sensors Journal. 2023. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Zhang X., Feng D. Low-Complexity Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm With High Dimensional and Small Samples // IEEE Sensors Journal. 2023. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Ge Q. et al. Multi-Constraint Adaptive Beamforming in the Presence of the Desired Signal // IEEE Communications Letters. 2020. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Ge Q. et al. Multi-Constraint Adaptive Beamforming in the Presence of the Desired Signal // IEEE Communications Letters. 2020. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Cheng Y. et al. Sparsity-Based Adaptive Beamforming for Coherent Signals With Polarized Sensor Arrays // IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 2024. Vol. PP. P. 1–5.Cheng Y. et al. Sparsity-Based Adaptive Beamforming for Coherent Signals With Polarized Sensor Arrays // IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 2024. Vol. PP. P. 1–5.Shahbazpanahi S. et al. Robust adaptive beamforming for general-rank signal models // Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on. 2003. Vol. 51. P. 2257–2269.Shahbazpanahi S. et al. Robust adaptive beamforming for general-rank signal models // Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on. 2003. Vol. 51. P. 2257–2269.Vorobyov S., Gershman A.B., Luo Z.-Q. Robust adaptive beamforming using worst-case performance optimization: A solution to the signal mismatch problem // Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on. 2003. Vol. 51. P. 313–324.Vorobyov S., Gershman A.B., Luo Z.-Q. Robust adaptive beamforming using worst-case performance optimization: A solution to the signal mismatch problem // Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on. 2003. Vol. 51. P. 313–324.Кorzhik V., Bikkenin R. Wireless System Using Spread Spectrum Signals under the Conditions of Possible Jamming by Retransmitted Interference // Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities. 2025. Vol. 11. P. 26–33.Кorzhik V., Bikkenin R. Wireless System Using Spread Spectrum Signals under the Conditions of Possible Jamming by Retransmitted Interference // Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities. 2025. Vol. 11. P. 26–33.Kumar N., Sharma A., Kapoor V. Performance Analysis of Free Space Optics Communication System in the Presence of Forward Error Correction Technique // Journal of Optical Communications. 2011. Vol. . 32. P. 231–235.Kumar N., Sharma A., Kapoor V. Performance Analysis of Free Space Optics Communication System in the Presence of Forward Error Correction Technique // Journal of Optical Communications. 2011. Vol. . 32. P. 231–235.Salima B., Lakhdar A. On error correction performance of LDPC and Polar codes for the 5G Machine Type Communications. 2021. P. 1–4.Salima B., Lakhdar A. On error correction performance of LDPC and Polar codes for the 5G Machine Type Communications. 2021. P. 1–4.Theodoropoulos D. et al. Efficient Hardware Architectures and Implementations of Packet-Level Erasure Coding Schemes for High Data Rate Reliable Satellite Communications // IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 2021. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Theodoropoulos D. et al. Efficient Hardware Architectures and Implementations of Packet-Level Erasure Coding Schemes for High Data Rate Reliable Satellite Communications // IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 2021. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Ahmed A. et al. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) in Wireless Communications Systems and Standards: A Contemporary Survey // IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2021. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Ahmed A. et al. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) in Wireless Communications Systems and Standards: A Contemporary Survey // IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2021. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Sivak V. et al. Real-time quantum error correction beyond break-even // Nature. 2023. Vol. 616. P. 1–6.Sivak V. et al. Real-time quantum error correction beyond break-even // Nature. 2023. Vol. 616. P. 1–6.Wang P., Zhang X., Chen G. Efficient quantum-error correction for QoS provisioning over QKD-based satellite networks. 2015. P. 2262–2267.Wang P., Zhang X., Chen G. Efficient quantum-error correction for QoS provisioning over QKD-based satellite networks. 2015. P. 2262–2267.Pelton J. New Millimeter, Terahertz, and Light-Wave Frequencies for Satellite Communications. 2017. P. 413–429.Pelton J. New Millimeter, Terahertz, and Light-Wave Frequencies for Satellite Communications. 2017. P. 413–429.Ersoy Ö., Karakoç M., Sahin A. A Novel Constellation Modification Method for Harmonic Modulated MPSK Data Transmission in Millimeter Wave Communication // IEEE Access. 2023. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Ersoy Ö., Karakoç M., Sahin A. A Novel Constellation Modification Method for Harmonic Modulated MPSK Data Transmission in Millimeter Wave Communication // IEEE Access. 2023. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Wang Y. et al. 5G Mobile: Spectrum Broadening to Higher-Frequency Bands to Support High Data Rates // Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE. 2014. Vol. 9. P. 39–46.Wang Y. et al. 5G Mobile: Spectrum Broadening to Higher-Frequency Bands to Support High Data Rates // Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE. 2014. Vol. 9. P. 39–46.Silva H. et al. Energy and Spectral Efficiencies of Cell-Free Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems Under Rain Attenuation Based on Ray Tracing Simulations // IEEE Access. 2023. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Silva H. et al. Energy and Spectral Efficiencies of Cell-Free Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems Under Rain Attenuation Based on Ray Tracing Simulations // IEEE Access. 2023. Vol. PP. P. 1–1.Takenaka H. et al. Accuracy of satellite orbit prediction and optical design of optical ground station beacons for satellite-to-ground optical communication. 2021. P. 82.Takenaka H. et al. Accuracy of satellite orbit prediction and optical design of optical ground station beacons for satellite-to-ground optical communication. 2021. P. 82.Wang Y. et al. Distributed Satellite Relay Cooperative Communication with Optimized Signal Space Dimension // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14. P. 4474.Wang Y. et al. Distributed Satellite Relay Cooperative Communication with Optimized Signal Space Dimension // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14. P. 4474.Goswami S., Dhara S. Satellite-Relayed Global Quantum Communication without Quantum Memory // Physical Review Applied. 2023. Vol. 20.Goswami S., Dhara S. Satellite-Relayed Global Quantum Communication without Quantum Memory // Physical Review Applied. 2023. Vol. 20.Bai L. et al. Multi-Satellite Relay Transmission in 5G: Concepts, Techniques, and Challenges // IEEE Network. 2018. Vol. 32. P. 38–44.Bai L. et al. Multi-Satellite Relay Transmission in 5G: Concepts, Techniques, and Challenges // IEEE Network. 2018. Vol. 32. P. 38–44.Shi Y. et al. Energy-Aware Relay Optimization and Power Allocation in Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Aided Satellite-Aerial-Terrestrial Network // IEEE Systems Journal. 2022. Vol. PP. P. 1–12.Shi Y. et al. Energy-Aware Relay Optimization and Power Allocation in Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Aided Satellite-Aerial-Terrestrial Network // IEEE Systems Journal. 2022. Vol. PP. P. 1–12.Quatresooz F. et al. Continuous daytime and nighttime forecast of atmospheric optical turbulence from numerical weather prediction models // Optics Express. 2023. Vol. 31.Quatresooz F. et al. Continuous daytime and nighttime forecast of atmospheric optical turbulence from numerical weather prediction models // Optics Express. 2023. Vol. 31.Kamarozaman N. Fade Duration Analysis on a Ka-Band Link Operating in the Tropical Region // Journal of Electrical Systems. 2024. Vol. 20. P. 1790–1797.Kamarozaman N. Fade Duration Analysis on a Ka-Band Link Operating in the Tropical Region // Journal of Electrical Systems. 2024. Vol. 20. P. 1790–1797.Tao Z. et al. Mitigating the effect of atmospheric turbulence on orbital angular momentum-based quantum key distribution using real-time adaptive optics with phase unwrapping // Optics Express. 2021. Vol. 29.Tao Z. et al. Mitigating the effect of atmospheric turbulence on orbital angular momentum-based quantum key distribution using real-time adaptive optics with phase unwrapping // Optics Express. 2021. Vol. 29.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.